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German World War II Ordnance and Manufacturer Codes

Ordnance Codes for Rifles

CodeManufacturer
duv
S/237
237
Berlin-Luebecker Maschinenfabriken, Werk Luebeck
S/27
S/27G
27
Erfurter Maschinenfabrik (ERMA)
axFeinmechanische Werke GmbH, Erfurt, Altonaerstr. 25
337
bcd
Gustloff Werke, Werk Weimar, Weimar
bcd/arGustloff Werke in Weimar, and Mauser-Werke AG, Berlin
ce
S/147
S/147G
147
S/147K
J.P. Sauer & Sohn, Suhl
svw
byf
Mauser-Werke AG, Oberndorf a./N
S/42
42
Mauser-Werke AG, Oberndorf a./N, early code
S/42KMauser-Werke AG, Oberndorf a./N, production in 1934
S/42GMauser-Werke AG, Oberndorf a./N, production in 1935
ar
S243
S243G
243
Mauser-Werke AG, Werke Borsigwalde, Berlin-Borsigwalde, Eichborndamm
660Steyr-Daimler Puch, Steyr, Austria
bnzSteyr-Daimler-Puch AG, Werke Steyr, Steyr, Austria
swap
dot
945
Waffenwerke Bruenn AG, Brno, Czechoslovakia
douWaffenwerke Bruenn AG, Werke Bystrica

P38 Pistol Manufacturer Codes

CodeManufacturerDates
WaltherWalther37 – mid 40
480Walthermid 40 – Oct 42
acWaltherOct 42 to end of war
byfMauserNov 42 to Jan 45
SvWMauserJan 45 to end of war
cygSpreewerkMar 41 to end of war

Serial numbers were never to exceed 10,000 in a series. Second series included suffix “a” being added, third series had suffix of “b” and so on. As an example: AC44 9875c means a Walther pistol manufactured in 1944, 4th series, 9875 pistol of that series, though some sources say not all serial numbers were sequential.

Helmet Manufacturer Codes

CodeManufacturer
ET (or ckl)Eisenhüttenwerke
NSVereinigte Deutsche Nikelwerke
QQuist
SE (or hkp)Sachsische Emaillier und Stanzwewerke
FS (or EF)Emaillierwerke A.G.

Manufacturer Codes

This table combines the continued Manufacturer Codes table that spans pages 3-23 of the source PDF.
CodeManufacturer
aaaC. August Wagner, Kirschau in Sachsen
aacMannesman-Roehrenwerke, Komotau, Sudeten Germany
aakWaffenfabrik Bruenn AG, Prague
aajObenhuetten, Vereinigte Oberschlesische Huettenwerke AG
aakWaffenwerke Bruenn AG, Prague, Wrsovice plant, Czechoslovakia
aanMitteldeutsche Metallwarenfabrik, Erich Frank, Glauchau, Saxony
aarMetallwarenfabrik Geba, Breslau
aawMetallwarenfabrik Gebr. Schmidt, Idar-Oberstein
abaHermann Schubert, Zittau / Sachsen. Wrongly associated with German military stores,
this is a trademark associated with Aba-Werke Alig u. Baumgaertel (see 'fqx')
abbFriedrichsthaler Eisenwerk, Jennewein u. Gapp, Friedrichsthal (Saar)
abcDeutsche Metallwerke, Weinstrasse, Neustadt
abhKoch u. Soehne, Frankenthal-Plomersheim (Iron and metal products)
acCarl Walther, Zella-Mehlis, Thuringia
acuBrause u. Co., Iserlohn
adPatronen-, Zuendhuetchen- und Metallwarenfabrik AG (formerly Sellier u. Bellot),
Schoenebeck on the Elbe
adcWilliam Prym, Stollberg, Rheinland
aekF. Dusek Waffenerzeugung, Oppeln near Nachod, Czechoslovakia
afbMetabowerk Closs, Rauch u. Schnitzler, Nuertingen
afuAugust Winkhaus, Muenster
aiUnknown
ajSoerensen u. Koester, Neumuenster
ajfJunker u. Ruh AG, Karlsruhe, Baden
ajnUnion Sprengstoff- und Zuendmittelwerke, Alt-Berum
akMunitionsfabriken (formerly Sellier u. Bellot, Prague), Vlasim, Czechoslovakia
akpDeutsche Roehrenwerke, Poensgen plant, Duesseldorf-Lierenfeld
akvBerg und Huettenwerksgesellschaft, Werk Radotin bei Prag, renamed Prager
Aktiengesellschaft fuer Berg und Huettenwerksgesellschaft in c.1943
alDeutsche Leucht- u. Signalwerke, Dr. Feistel AG, Berlin-Charlottenburg
amGustloff Werke, Otto Eberhardt Patronenfabrik, Hirtenberg, Niederdonau
amaHerdfabrik Imperial GmbH, Buende in Westfalen
amhHans Buellman-Werke, Gablonz / Schlag, Sudetengau
amjWaggonfabrik L. Steinfurt, Koenigsberg
amnMauser-Werke KG, Neuwied plant
amoMauser-Werke KG, Waldeck-Kassel plant
ampDortmund Hoerder Huettenverein, Dortmund
anC. Beutemueller u. Co. GmbH, Metalwarenfabrik [sic] (ammo), Bretten-Baden
andMagdeburger Pumpenfabrik, Otterburg u. Co., Magdeburg
anjJ. Kienzle-Uhrenfabrik AG, Komotau, Sudeten Germany
anxKoenigs-Laura-Huette, Koenigshuette
anzMaschinen- u. Armaturenfabrik, formerly L. Strube, division of Polte, Magdeburg-Buckau
apDeutsches Leucht- u. Signalmittelwerk, Dr. Feistel KG, Werk Wuppertal-Ronsdorf.
Often wrongly identified as Gustloff-Werke, Werk Wuppertal-Ronsdorf
apcJ. Andersen, Neckarsulm, sometimes wrongly associated with Continental
Caoutchouc Co. GmbH, Hannover
aqeDeutsche Kabelwerke, Berlin
aqkMiele u. Co., Bielefeld
aqtOtto Grusen u. Co., Magdeburg)
aqxRheinmetall-Borsig, Tegel plant (Eventually replaced by 'hhg')
arMauser-Werke, Berlin-Borsigwalde
arbVereinigte Oberschlesige Oberschlesische Huettenwerke, Andreashuette
arlBergmann Elektrizitaetswerke AG, Berlin-Wilhelmsruh, added to the code lists in
c.1942-3
asbDeutsche Waffen- u. Munitionsfabriken AG, Berlin-Borsigwalde
asoFichtel u. Sachs, Schweinfurt
asrHAK Hanseatisches-Kettenwerk GmbH, Hamburg-Langenhorn
asxHoesch AG, Dortmund plant
atKloeckner-Werke, Div. Hasper Eisen- u. Stahlwerk, Hagen-Haspe
atbHydrometer AG, Breslau, Czechoslovakia
atlKloeckner-Humbold-Deutz, Ulm
atrLangbein-Pfannhauser-Werke AG, Leipzig
atwMannesman-Roehrenwerke AG, Witten plant, Ruhr
atyMaschinenfabrik fuer Massenverpackung, Luebeck-Schlutrup
auGuteoffnungshuette Oberhausen, Sterkrade plant
aucMauser-Werke KG, Cologne-Ehrenfeld
aueMetall u. Eisen GmbH, Nuernberg
aufMetall-, Guss- und Presswerk, H. Diehl, Nuernberg
aujMonheimer Ketten- u. Metallwaren-Industrie Poetz u. Sand, Monheim-Duesseldorf
auuPatronenhuelsen- u. Metallwarenfabrik AG, Rokycany plant, Pilsen, Czechoslovakia
auxPolte-Werk, Magdeburg
auyPolte-Werk, Grueneberg
auzPolte-Werk, Arnstadt
avVereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke AG (VDM), Zweigniederlassung Carl Borg
Messinghalbfabrikate, Werdohl, subsequently renamed VDM-Halbzeugwerke GmbH,
occasionally mistakenly identified as Adam Gerhard Motorenwerke, Oskau
Friedrichshof
avePreuss u. Heinrich, Doebeln in Sachsen
avkRuhrstahl AG, Brackwede-Bielefeld
avmRheinhuette GmbH (Formerly Beck u. Co.), Wiesbaden
avtSilva-Metallwerke GmbH, div. of Polte, Magdeburg
avuSilva Metallwerke GmbH, Werk Genthin
awjThe Yale u. Towne Manufacturing u. Company, Velbert
awlUnion-Gesellschaft fuer Metallindustrie, Sils van de Loo u. Co., Werl plant,
Froendeberg, Ruhr
awtWuerttembergische Metallwarenfabrik AG, Geislingen (Steige)
axFeinmechanische Werke GmbH, Erfurt
axqErfurter Laden Industrie, North Erfurt
axsBerndorfer Metallwarenfabrik AG, Arthur Krupp AG, Werk Amstetten
ayAlois Pirkel, Elektrotechnische Fabrik, Reichenberg
ayeOlympia Bueromaschinenwerke AG, Erfurt
ayfERMA – Erfurter Maschinenfabrik B. Geipel GmbH, Erfurt
aygJulius Maurer, Oberstein an der Nahe
aykM. Rudolf Jahr, Gera
aymCarl Hoffmann, Aue in Sachsen
ayrMoritz Perthel, Gera
azVereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke AG, Zweigniederlassung Basse u. Selve, Altena;
after c.1943, VDM-Halbzeugwerke GmbH, Zweigniederlassung, Altena
azgSiemens-Schukert-Werke AG, Berlin
azyMaschinenfabrik Sangershausen AG
baSundwiger Messingwerke, Iserlohn, Westphalia (formerly Gebr. von der Becke KG)
bazNetersener Maschinedfabrik, M. Hatrase, Netersen…probably confused with 'bnz'
bbA. Laue u. Co., Werk Reinickendorf
bcKupfer- u. Messingwerke AG, Becker u. Co., Langenberg, Rheinland
bcdWilhelm-Gustloff-Werke, Weimar
bchAugsburger Federnfabrik, Hans von Schwartzenberg u. Georg Oberploederl,
Augsburg
bckBrueninghaus, Versmold
bcuGutehoffnungshuette, Oberhausen, formerly Maschinenfabrik Naniel u. Lueg,
Duesseldorf-Grafenberg
bdMetallwerke Lange AG, Bodenbach plant, Sudeten Germany, formerly Krizik-Chaudoir-Metallwerke AG, Bodenbach / Elbe
bdaUhrenfabrik Villingen
bdqEhrhardt u. Kirsten, Koffer- u. Lederwarenfabrik, Leipzig
bdrRichard Ehrhardt, Lederwarenfabrik, Poeseneck Poessneck, Thuringia
bdyPittler Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik AG, Leipzig
beBerndorfer Metallwarenfabrik, Arthur Krupp AG, Berndorf, Austria
bedMIAG-Muehlenbau und Industrie AG, Braunschweiger Lutherwerk, Braunschweig…
possibly confused with 'bcd'
behErnst Leitz GmbH, Wetzlar
bejMaschinenfabrik Buckau, R. Wolf AG, Magdeburg
bekHensoldt-Werk fuer Optik und Mechanik, Herborn
bfDeutsche Roehrenwerke AG, Muehlheim, Ruhr
bfnNew York-Hamburger Gummiwaren Co., Hamburg
bgGebr. Boehler u. Co. AG, Zweigniederlassung Edelstahlwerke, Berlin
bhBruenner Waffenfabrik AG, Bruenn, Czechoslovakia
bjNeibecker u. Schumacher, Iserlohn, Westphalia
bjmKloeckner-Humboldt-Deutz AG, Werk Deutz, Koeln
bjvBoehmisch-Maehrische Kolben-Danek AG, Vysocan plant, Prague
bkMetall-, Walz- u. Plattierwerke Hindrichs Auffermann AG, Wuppertal
bkpRoehrenwerk Johannes Surman GmbH, Arnsberg…sometimes wrongly associated
with 'Gewehrfabrik Burgsmueller u. Soehne GmbH, Kreiensen / Harz'
bkqK. Urbanovsky GmbH, Werk Zastavka bei Bruenn und Segen Gottes (Rosice) bei
Bruenn
bkyBoehmische Waffenfabrik AG, Prague, Ung. Bro Brod plant, Moravia,
Czechoslovakia
bkzJohannes Schaefer, Gartzer Schraubenwerk GmbH, Gartz / Oder
blRadio H. Mende u. Co., Dresden
blaE. G. Leuner GmbH, Bautzen
blcCarl Zeiss, Military Division, Jena
blnBrueder Assmann, Leibnitz in Steiermark
blpGrazer Maschinen- und Waggonbaufabrik AG, Graz (later renamed 'Simmering-Graz-Paucker AG, Werk Graz')…often mistakenly associated with Burgsmueller u. Soehne
(see 'bkp')
blrOskar Krieger GmbH, Dresden
bluSprengstoffwerke Blumau AG, Blumau near Felixdorf
blxMichael Seidel, Zirndorf bei Nuernberg
bmAEG-Allgemeine Elektrizitaets-Gesellschaft, Abeteilung Zaehlerfabrik, Berlin
bmbMetallwarenfabrik Reichertshofen, Inhaber Karl Binder, Reichertshofen
bmdMax G. Mueller, Fabrik fuer Lederwaren u. Heeresbedarf, Nuernberg
bmfMaehrische Stahl- und Eisenindustrie AG, Olmuetz
bmjHensoldt u. Soehne, Mechanisch-Optische Werke AG, Wetzlar
bmlHans Roemer, Neu-Ulm / Donau
bmuCarl Kuntze, Sattlerwarenfabrik, Penig, Saxony
bmvRheinmetall-Borsig AG, Soemmerda plant, Soemmerda
bmzMinerva-Naehmaschinenfabrik AG, Boskowitz, Czechoslovakia
bnAEG-Allgemeine Elektrizitaets-Gesellschaft, Annaberg in Erzgebirge
bndMAN – Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nuernberg, Nuernberg plant, Nuernberg
bneMetallwerke Odertal GmbH, Odertal
bnfMetallwerk Wolfenbuettel GmbH, Wolfenbuettel
bnzSteyr-Daimler-Puch AG, Steyr, Austria
boIng. Nikolaus Eltz, Wien
boaVenditor, Kunststoff-Verkaufs GmbH, Troisdorf
bodTedloff-VAMAG, Vereinigte Armaturen- und Maschinenfabriken AG, Wien
botMetallwerke Neheim, Goeke u. Co. KG, Neheim
bpOtto Goessel u. Co., Glashuette in Sachsen
bpdC.P. Goerz GmbH, Wien
bprJohannes Grossfuss, Metall- u. Locierwarenfabrik, Doebeln, Saxony
bptTelefon- und Telegraphenfabriks AG, Kapsch u. Soehne, Wien
bqRoland Brandt, Berlin
bqoFriedrich Krupp Grusonwerk AG, Magdeburg-Buckau
bqsFrank u. Co. KG, Kuestrin N.
bqtEugen Mueller, Pyrotechnische Fabrik, Vienna, Austria
brMathias Baeuerle, Laufwerke GmbH, St. Georgen, Black Forest
brbRichard Rinker GmbH, Iserlohn
brdHAGENUK-Hanseatische Apparaetebau-Gesellschaft Neufeldt u. Kuhnke GmbH,
Kiel
brgH.W. Schmidt, Doebeln in Sachsen
bsvToenshoff, Horn in Lippe
btRadiowerk Horny AG, Wien
bteFrank'sche Eisenwerke AG, Adolfshuette, Niederscheld / Dillkreis
btkOtto Honsel, Werdohl
btnErnst Goesser, Iserlohn
bucMetallwerke Windelsbleiche near Bielefeld
buhRoechling'sche Eisen- und Stahlwerke GmbH, Abteilung Stabfedernfabrik, Wetzlar
bvDr. techn. Otto Fritz, formerly Max Groten, Wien
bvlTheodor Bergmann u. Co., Abteilung Automaten- u. Metallwarenfabrikation,
Hamburg-Altona
bvvRothmueller-Mewa, Wien
bwMinerva Radio, W. Wohlleber u. Co., Wien
bwcB. Maier KG, Brackwede in Westfalen
bwnFriedrich Krupp AG, Essen
bwoRheinmetall- Borsig AG, Duesseldorf
bwpBAMAG – Berlin-Anhaltische Maschinenbau AG, Dessau
bwqBrinker Eisenwerke Max H. Mueller, Hannover-Brink
bwrMitteldeutsche Stahlwerke AG, Lauchhammerwerk, Groeditz / Riesa
bwxRuhrstahl AG, Henrichshuette-Hattingen
bxbAktiengesellschaft vormals Skodawerke, Pilsen, Czechoslovakia
bxeBochumer Verein fuer Guss-stahlfabrikation AG, Bochum
bxmVZK – Vereinigte Zuender- u. Kabelwerke AG, Meissen
bxnBayrisches Kabelwerk, Riffelmacher u. Engelhardt AG, Roth bei Nuernberg
byErnst Grunow, Muenchen
bycAug. Kloenne, Dortmund
byeHANOMAG-Hannover'sche Maschinenbau AG vorm. Georg Egestorff, Hannover
byfMauser-Werke KG, Oberndorf on the Neckar
bygJohann Wyksen KG, Optische u. Feinmaschinen, Kattowitz, Poland
bymGenossenschafts-Maschinenhaus der Buechsenmacher, Ferlach, Austria
byqM. Pohlmann u. Co., Hammerwerke, Wetterburg, Hessen-Nassau
byrRuhrstahl AG, Annener Guss-stahlwerk, Witten-Annen
bysRuhrstahl AG, Guss-stahlwerk, Witten
bywJohann Schaefer, Stettiner Schraubenwerk, Stettin
bztFritz Wolf, Gewehrfabrik, Zella-Mehlis, Thuringia
bzzIG-Farbenindustrie, Camerawerk Muenchen
CaVereinigte Deutsche Nickelwerke (formerly Westfaelisches Nickelwalzwerk
Fleitmann, Witte u. Co.), Schwerte, Ruhr
cagSwarowski, D., Glasfabrik u. Tyrolit, Wattens, Tyrol, Austria
cauKodak Aktiengesellschaft Dr. Nagel-Werk, Stuttgart-Wangen
cblVereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke AG, Zweigniederlassung Sueddeutsche
Metallindustrie, Nuernberg W.
cbrGebr. Boehler u. Co. AG, Boehlerwerk bei Waidhofen an der Ybbs, Niederdonau
cbyGussstahlwerk Carl Boennhof KG, Wetter / Ruhr
ccbStahlwerke Bruenninghaus AG, Westhofen, Westphalia
ccdDEMAG, Wetter
ccxOptische u. Feinmaschinenwerke, Hugo Meyer u. Co., Goerlitz
cdcKern, Klager u. Co., Lederwaren, Berlin
cdgAuwaerter u. Bubeck KG, Lederwarenfabrik, Stuttgart
cdoTheodor Bergmann u. Co., Waffen- u. Munitionsfabrik, Velten plant, Velten on the
Main
cdpTheodor Bergmann u. Co., Waffen- u. Munitionsfabrik, Bernau plant, Berlin
cdvMetallwarenfabrik Ludwig Maybaum, Sundern, Westphalia
ceJ.P. Sauer u. Sohn, Waffenfabrik, Suhl, Thuringia
ceyKarl Budischovsky u. Soehne, Oesterreichische Lederindustrie AG, Vienna
cfWestfaelische Anhaltische Sprengstoff AG, Oranienburg plant
cgFinower Industrie GmbH, Finow, Mark
cgnRohrbacher Lederfabrik, Josef Poeschels Soehne, Rohrbach
cgtJosef Stefsky, Stockerau, Niederdonau
chFabrique Nationale d'Armes de Guerre, Herstal, Liege, Belgium
chdDeutsche Industrie-Werke AG, Berlin-Spandau
chhDeutsche Edelstahlwerke AG, Zweigniederlassung, Hannover plant, Linden
cjaGebr. Junghans AG, Schramberg / Schwarzwald
cjgBartelmuss u. Suchy, Bielitz / Oberschlesien
cjnFranz Lipowsky, Wien, sometimes mistakenly identified as 'Junghans, Schramberg'
(see 'cja')
ckMetallwerk Neumeyer, Munich
ckcDeutsche Eisenwerke AG, Muehlheim, Ruhr
cklEisen- u. Huettenwerke, Thale, Harz
ckoHuettenwerk, Eisengiesserei u. Maschinenfabrik, Michelstadt, Odenwald
clMetschke, Karl, Auto- u. Maschinenreparatur, Berlin plant
clgErnst Melzig, Liegnitz
cmaVereinigte Oberschlesische Huettenwerke, AG, Gleiwitz
cmgUnion-Fabrik chemischer Produkte AG, Werk Stolzenhagen-Kratzwieck / Pommern
cmsKonrad Lindhorst, Berlin
cmwDr. Ing. Rudolf Hell, Berlin
cmzZuenderwerke Ernst Bruen, Krefeld, Linn
cndKrupp-National-Registerierkassen (cash registers) GmbH, Berlin plant
cobNetzschkauer Maschinenfabrik, Stark u. Soehne, Netzschkau, Saxony
coeLuebecker Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft
cofWaffenfabrik Carl Eickhorn, Solingen
conFranz Stock, Maschinen- u. Werkzeugfabrik, Berlin
cosGebrueder Merz, Merz-Werke, Frankfurt, Main
cowWintershall AG, Spritzgusswerk, Berlin
cpjHavelwerk GmbH, Brandenburg / Havel
cpnRheinmetall-Borsig AG, Werk Apolda
cpoRheinmetall-Borsig AG, Berlin-Marienfeld
cppRheinmetall-Borsig AG, Breslau plant
cpqRheinmetall-Borsig AG, Gubeb Guben plant
cqWarz u. Co., Zella-Mehlis, Thuringia
cqdPranaefa-Werke GmbH, Solingen
crZander u. Opitz, Berlin, succeeded by W. Sasse, c.1943
crm'Phy-We'-Physikalische Werkstaetten AG, Goettingen
croR. Fuess, Optische Industrie, formerly J.G. Greiner u. Geissler, Berlin-Steglitz
crsPaul Weyersberg u. Co., Waffenfabrik, Solingen
crvFritz Werner, Plant II, Berlin
crwMaschinenfabrik F.W. Hofmann GmbH, Breslau
csaJ.G. Schwietzke, Duesseldorf
csqPollux, Ludwigshafen, Rhein
csxGothaer Metallwarenfabrik GmbH, Gotha
cteKloeckner Maschinenfabrik, Manstadt division, Troisdorf
ctfEisenwerke Gaggenau GmbH, Gaggenau, Baden
ctgCarlshuette Maschinen- u. Stahlbau GmbH, Waldenburg, Altwasser, Silesia
ctnKoelner Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik von Wilhelm Quester, Koeln, sometimes
mistakenly identified with Hanseatische Werksta etten fuer Feinmechanik u. Optik,
Friedrichs u. Co.
ctsMaerkische Werke, H. Wilmsmann GmbH, drop forge plant, Halver
ctuChrist u. Co., Gruenberg in Schlesien
ctyZwickauer Maschinenfabrik, Zwickau in Sachsen
cueRoechling-Buderus-Stahlwerke, Finowfurt plant, Brandenburg
cufRoechling-Buderus-Stahlwerke, Melle plant, Hannover
cuyEmil Adolff, Reutlingen
cuzEisenwerk [sic] Gesellschaft Maximilianshuette, stamping plant, Thuringia,
Unterwellenborn
cvaEisenwerke Gesellschaft Maximilianshuette, iron mongery division, Fronberg
cvbOtto Sindel, Lederwarenfabrik, Berlin
cvcZeschke Nachf. Gebr. L. Zueschner, Koffer- u. Lederwarenfabrik, Muellrose near
Frankfurt on the Oder
cvgVereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke AG, Werk Hedderheim, Frankfurt-Hedderheim
cvlWKC Waffenfabrik, Solingen Wald
cvsBoeckhoff u. Co., Leer; see also 'cva'; sometimes … confused with the 'crs' mark of
Paul Weyersberg
cvvB. Holthaus AG, Dinklage Kreis Vechta / Oldenburg
cwbBrandenburger Eisenwerke
cwgWestfaelisch-Anhaltische Sprengstoff AG, Coswig plant
cwwKarl Weiss, Lederwarenfabrik, Braunchweig
cxaRuhrstahl AG, Stahlwerk Krieger, Duesseldorf-Oberhausen
cxbMoll, Lederwarenfabrik, Goch, Rheinland
cxdMaschinenfabrik Becker u. Co., Madgeburg
cxeBritzer Eisenwerk Paul Szubinski, Britz Kreis Angermuende
cxgSaechsische Maschinen- u. Schraubenfabrik GmbH, Leipzig
cxhKienzle Uhrenfabriken AG, Schwenningen on the Neckar
cxmGustaf Genschow u. Co., Berlin
cxnEmil Busch AG, Optische Industrie, Rathenow
cxqLiegnitzer Eisengiesserei u. Maschinenfabrik Teichert u. Sohn, Liegnitz
cxwLudwig Braun, Schmalkalden in Thueringen
cydNottebohm, Luedenscheid
cyhHuettenwerk Siegerland AG, Abteilung Eichener Walzwerke, Eichen Kreis Siegen
cyqMetallwarenfabrik Spreewerk, Berlin-Spandau
cywSaechsische Guss-stahlwerke Doehlen AG, Stahlwerke Freital / Sachsen
czfMaschinenfabrik Steubing u. Co., Berlin
czmEmil Kirst, Stettin 11
cznKlaus Nueske, Stettin. Probably a misreading of 'cxn'
czoHeereszeugamt, Geschosswerkstatt, Koenigsberg
czqF. Schichau GmbH, Elbing, Abteilung Koenigsberg Werkstatt B, Koenigsberg in
Preussen
czsBrennabor Werke AG, Brandenburg
dahJunkers, Dessau
darSchoenebeck AG, Schoenebeck on the Elbe
dazEisenwerke-Gesellschaft Maximilianshuette, Abteiling Maschinenfabrik Werk II,
Unterwellenborn / Thueringen
dbgDynamit AG, Dueneberg Plant (formerly Alfred Nobel u. Co.)
dbhMannesmann -Roehrenwerke, Duesseldorf plant, Rath
dbkRichard Rinker GmbH, Neubrandenburg in Mecklenburg
dcUta-Werkstaetten Uta u. Co., Auerbach
ddeRobert Larsen, Fabrik fuer Leder u. Stoffwaren, Berlin
ddtSUMAK – Sueddeutsche Maschinen- u. Metallwarenfabrik Wilhelm Weckerle,
Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen
ddxVoigtlaender u. Sohn AG, Braunschweig
deUnknown
deaFrankfurter Maschinenbau, Pokorny u. Wittekind, Frankfurt
decBleiwerk Goslar
dejSchwelmer Stahl- u. Eisen-Giesserei Gustav Schubeis, Schwelm in Westfalen
devKelle u. Hildebrandt GmbH, Niedersedlitz Bezirk Dresden
dfbGustloff Co., Waffenfabrik, Suhl
dgbGeorg Stamm u. Hofmann, Weidhausen bei Coburg. Often mistakenly identified with
Dynamit AG (see 'dbg')
dglLouis Siegel, Sonneberg in Thueringen. Sometimes wrongly associated with Remo-Gewehrfabrik Gebr. Rempt of Suhl
dgzGebr. Boehler, Kapfenberg, Austria
dhaGeorg von Goelln GmbH, Abteilung Stahlbau, Hannover (after 1943, 'Krupp
Stahlbau, Friedrich Krupp AG, Werk Hannover')
dhnKaemper-Motoren AG, Berlin-Marienfelde
dhpH. Burgsmueller, Gewehrfabrik, Kreiensen-Harz
djfDraht-Bremer, Rostock, Mecklenburg
dkkFriedrich Offermann u. Soehne, Lederwarenfabrik, Bensberg
dlaKarl Barth, Militaereffekten-Fabrik, Waldbrohl Waldbroehl, Rheinland
dldKromag, Hirtenberg, Austria
dluEwald Luenenschloss, Militaereffekten-Fabrik, Solingen
dmaHerres Munitionsanstalt u. Geschosswerkstatt, Zeithain
dmkIlseder Huette, rolling mill, Peine
dmoAuto-Union, Chemnitz
dmsNuernberger Schraubenfabrik GmbH, Nuernberg
dmyFritz Werner, Berlin-Marienfeld
dnUnknown. Found on ammunition components
dnaMettmanner Britanniawarenfabrik W. Seibel, Mettmann / Rheinland (later 'W. Seibel,
Metallwarenfabriken')
dnbBorck u. Goldschmidt, Berlin … probably a misreading of 'dnh'
dnfRheinische-Westfaelische Sprengstoff AG, Stadeln plant near Nuernberg
dnhRheinische-Westfaelische Sprengstoff AG, Durlach plant, Baden
dnvFahr AG, Stockach
dnzApparate-Bauanstalt, August Schwer u. Soehne, Villingen, Black Forest
domWestfaelische Metall-Industrie , Lippstadt
dotWaffenwerke Bruenn, Bruenn plant, Czechoslovakia
douWaffenwerke Bruenn, Bystrica, Czechoslovakia
dovWaffenwerke Bruenn, Wsetin plant, Czechoslovakia
dowWaffenwerke Bruenn, Prerau plant, Czechoslovakia (renamed 'Opticotechna GmbH,
Werk Prerau / Protektorat' in 1943)
doxWaffenwerke Bruenn, Podbrezova plant, Czechoslovakia
dpfB. u. H. Reinert, Speigelau / Bayersicher Wald
dphI.G. Farbenindustrie AG, Autogen plant, Frankfurt
dpkGebrueder Sachsenberg AG, Dessau-Rosslau
dplC.F. Plasser, Neheim-Huesten (after 1943 only)
dpmPoldi-Huette, Komotau, Sudeten Germany
dpsUnion-Werk AG, Mittweida, Saxony
dpuC. u. F. Schlothauer, GmbH, Metallwaren, Ruhla
dpvZeiss-Ikon, Dresden
dpwZeiss-Ikon, Goerz plant, Berlin-Zehlendorf
dpxZeiss-Ikon, Stuttgart
drhGebr. Thiele GmbH, Ruhla
drvEisenhuette Tschenstochau, later HASAG-Eisen- u. Metallwerke GmbH,
Tschenstochau
drzEltron, Dr. Dipl.-Ing. Theodor Stiebel, Berlin-Tempelhof
dsbAlexander Beck, Schmalkalden in Thueringen
dshIng. F. Janecek, Gewehrfabrik, Prague
dsjWAMA Metallwerke Johannes Ahner, Oberlungwitz, Saxony
dsxRoechling-Buderus, Wetzlar
dtaA. Waldhausen, Inh. M. Bruchmann, Sattler u. Kofferfabrik, Cologne
dtfElektro-Feinmechanische Werke Preh, Bad-Neustadt / Saale
dtuG.J. Ensink u. Co., Spezialfabrik fuer Militaerausruestung, Ohrdruf, Thuringia
dtvC. Otto Gehrckens, Leder- u. Riemenwerke, Pinneberg
dunPoldihuette, Kladno plant, Czechoslovakia
dutSpindel- u. Spinnfluegelfabrik AG, Neudorf
duvBerliner-Luebecker Maschinenfabrik, Luebeck plant
dvcAdolf Knoch AG, Saalfeld
dvrJohann Froehlich, Lederwarenfabrik, Vienna
dvuF. Schichau GmbH, Elbing
dvwSchoeller u. Co., Frankfurt am Main
dwcDr. Ing. Boehme u. Co., Werksleitung Luedenscheid, Werk Minden in Westfalen
dwmLiefergemeinschaft Dornbirn, Ludwig Rigger, Dornbirn. Often mistakenly identified
with the well-known DWM trademark of Deutsche Waffen- u. Mumitionsfabriken of
Berlin.
dxsAugust Thyssen-Huette AG, Duisburg-Hamborn
dyeErste Alpenlaendische Pyrotechnikfabrik Ed. Pitschmann u. Co., Innsbruck
dymRunge u. Kaulfuss, Rathenow
dyqDeutsche Edelstahlwerke AG, Werdohl plant
dzaBleiwerke Dr. Schuelcke, Hamburg
dzlOptische Anstalt Oigee, Berlin-Schoeneberg
dzwMetallwerke v. Galkowsky u. Kielblock, Finow
eafMechanoptik-Gesellschaft fuer Praezisionstechnik, Aude u. Reipe, Babelsberg
eahStahlwerke Brueninghaus AG, Werdohl
eakDeutsche Werke Kiel AG
eanLippstaedter Eisen- u. Metallwerke, Lippstadt
ebaScharfenberg u. Teubert GmbH, Metallwarenfabrik, Breitungen
ebdFatra AG, Napajedl / Maehren
ebfHuettenwerke Siegerland, Charlottenhuette plant, Niederschelden
ebkMaschinenbau u. Bahnbedarf AG, formerly Orenstein u. Koppel, Werk Spandau and
Werk Babelsberg (after c. 1943 only)
ecaOskar Fischer GmbH, Markdorf in Baden
eccOskar Luenig, Pyrotechnische Fabrik, Moehringen
ecdCarl Lippold, Pyrotechnische Fabrik, Wuppertal-Elberfeld
ecvVogel u. Schlegel GmbH, Dresden
edgJ.A. Henckels, Zwillingswerke, Solingen
edkAuto-Union AG, Zschopau plant, Saxony
edqDeutsche Waffen- u. Munitionsfabriken AG, Luebeck- Schlutup
edrSachsenwerk Licht u. Kraft AG, Radeberg
edsZuendappwerke GmbH, Nuernberg
edwKarl Metzler GmbH, Iserlohn
edyGebr. Mueller, Luchenwalde
eeaH. Weihrauch, Zella-Mehlis
edzPickhardt u. Gerlach GmbH, Werdohl in Westfalen
eecGebr. Buehler Nachfolger, Triberg
eedKuerbi u. Niggeloh, Radevormwald in Rheinprueussen … sometimes mistakenly
confused with Weihrauch ('eea')
eefX. Heine u. Sohn, Voehrenbach
eegSchuerhoff u. Co., Gevelsberg … possibly confused with 'eea' and/or 'eeo'
eehF. Soennecken, Bonn
eejMaerkisches Walzwerk, Staussberg, district Potsdam
eekDeutsche Star-Kugelhalter GmbH, Schweinfurt
eelMetallwarenfabrik vormals H. Wissner AG, Werk Brotterode / Hessen-Nassau
eemSelve-Kronbiegel, Dornheim AG, Munitionsfabrik, Soemmerda, Saxony
eeoDeutsche Waffe- u. Minitionsfabriken AG, Posen plant
eetUlmer Schraubenfabrik C. Rauch, Ulm an der Donau
eeuLieferungsgemeinschaft westthueringische Werkzeug- u. Metallwarenfabriken
GmbH, Schmalkalden in Thueringen
eevFr. Braun, Tembach-Dietharz / Thueringen
eeyMetallwarenfabrik Treuenbrietzen GmbH, Roederhof plant
egyIng. Fr. August Pfeffer, Oberlind, Thuringia
ehTrierer Walzwerk AG, Burg Bezirk Magdeburg
ekyVolkswagenwerk, Wolfsburg
elgWestfaelisch-Anhaltische Sprengstoff AG, Werk Elsnig
emhGeorg Allgaier, Uhingen in Wuerttemberg
emjAdalbert Fischer, Berlin
empDynamit AG, Empelde plant
emqWilli Stiefeling, Berlin … note: often identified wtih Carl Zeiss and Zeiss-Ikon, for
whom Stiefeling may have been a sub-contractor.
emuFriedrich Meuthe GmbH, Schwenningen am Neckar
encG. Eckhardt, Leipzig
enzGebr. Boehler u. Co. AG, Werk Enzesfeld / Niederdonau
eomH. Huch, Metallwarenfabrik, Nuernberg
eovMueller-Schlenker Uhrenfabrik, Schwenningen am Neckar
eoxJahresuhrenfabrik GmbH, August Schatz u. Soehne, Triberg / Schwarzwald
epfInteressengemeinschaft fuer Bergbau u. Huettenbetrieb AG, Betriebsgruppe
Bismarckhuette, Huettenwerk Falvahuette in Schwientochlowitz, Kreis Kattowitz,
later 'Koenigs- u. Bismarckhuette AG
eqfKarl Boecker, Lederwarenfabrik, Waldbroehl, Rheinland
ergA. Doeppert, Treibriemenfabrik (driving belt mfr.), Kitzingen
ermPossibly W.G. Dinkelmeyer of Nuernberg
ernW.G. Dinkelmeyer, Werk Koetzling
ervFritz Hofmann GmbH, Erlangen
esoOptische Werke G. Rodenstock, Munich
etbSteubing u. Co., Graslitz, Sudeten, Germany
etlKrieger u. Faudt, Berlin
etyRingsdorf-Werke KG, Mehlem-Rhein
eueOtto Reichel, Inh. Rudolf Fischer, Lederwarenfabrik, Lengfeld, Erzgebirge
eugOptische Praezisionswerke GmbH, Warsaw, Poland
euhC. u. W. Meinel-Scholer, Klingenthal in Sachsen
eunRana-Werke, Rudolf Danhardt, Klardorf in Oberpfalz
euoOskar R. Mehlhorn GmbH, Schweinsburg in Plauen
evvF.A. Anger u. Sohn, Joehstadt in Sachsen
evzBergbau AG, Salzgitter
ewsAkteingesellschaft vorm. Skodawerke, Werk Koeniggraetz
ewxFranz u. Karl Voegels, Lederwarenfabrik, Cologne
exdAuto-Union, Audi plant, Zwickau in Sachsen
expLandes-Lieferungsgenossenschaft des Tischlerhandwerks im
Landeshandwerksmeister-BezirkWestfalen GmbH, Dortmund
exqClemens Kreher GmbH, Marienberg in Sachsen
exsUnion Gesellschaft fuer Metallindustrie, Sils, van de Loo u. Co., Hameln (Weser).
exwMetallwerke Holleischen, Kreis Mies, Sudeten Germany
exxSemprex-Werk, Reutenhau Post Winkelsdorf / Nord Maehren
eydHeidenreich u. Harbeck, Hamburg
faMansfdel AG, Hettstedt, Suedharz
faaDeutsche Waffen- u. Munitionsfabriken AG, Karlsruhe
fbMansfeld AG, Rothenburg plant, Saale
fcMansfeld AG, Alstedt plant, Thuringia
fckRietberg-Werke, Rietberg in Westfalen
fcoSendlinger Optische Glaswerke GmbH, Berlin-Zehlendorf
fcvSchmidt, Kranz u. Co., Nordhaeuser Maschinenfabrik AG, Nordhausen
fdStolberger Metallwerke AG (formerly Asten, Lynen u. Schleicher), Stolberg
fdeDynamit AG (formerly A. Nobel u. Co.), Foerde plant
feUnknown
feeAugsburger Waagenfabrik, Ludwig Pfisterer, Augsburg
fehMaschinenfabrik Donauwoerth GmbH, Donauwoerth
ferMetallwerke Wandhofen, Schwerte, Westphalia
feuKrone Presswerke GmbH, Berlin
ffoMaschinenfabrik Tannwald, Tannwald / Sudentegau (renamed 'Tannenwalder
Textilwerke AG' in 1943)
fkoBernhard Bruns, Bad Zwischenahn in Oldenburg
fkxGustav Sudbrack, Lederwaren u. Gamaschenfabrik, Bielefeld
flpHeintze u. Blankertz, Erste Deutsche Stahlfederfabrik, Werk Oranienburg bei Berlin
fnhBoehmische Waffenfabrik, Strakonitz plant, Prague
fnkAdolf Hopf AG, Tambach-Dietharz in Thueringen
fnqRoetelmann u. Co .KG, Werdohl in Westfalen
fpxSchaeffer u. Budenberg, Magdeburg-Buchau
fqnVereinigte Leichtmetallwerke, Hannover-Linden
fraHimmen u. Stosberg, Gravieranstalt, Remscheid
frpStahlwerke Harkort -Eicken GmbH, Hagen, Westphalia
fsxAlbin Scholle, Lederwarenfabrik, Zeitz
ftcFrost u. Jaehnel, Breslau, Czechoslovakia
ftfVereinigte Cartonnagenfabriken Meyer u. Co., Magdeburg
fueAktiengesellschaft, formerly Skodawerke, Werk Dubnica
fuuWilh. Strube GmbH, subsidiary of Polte, Magdeburg
fvaDraht- u. Metallwarenfabrik GmbH, Salzwedel
fwhNorddeutsche Maschinenfabrik GmbH, main office, Berlin
fwrOptische Anstalt Sallfeld GmbH, Saalfeld
fwzEisen- u. Emaillierwerke Wilhelmshuette (iron and enamel works), Sprottau-Wilhelmshuette
fxaAssmann, formerly E. u. K. Assmann GmbH, Eisenach (chassis plant)
fxoC.G. Haenel, Waffen- u. Fahrradfabrik, Suhl
fxpHans Kollmorgen, Optische Anstalt, Berlin
fydAktiengesellschaft, formerly Skodawerke, Adamsthal plant
fzeWaffenfabrik Hoeller, Solingen
fzsWaffenfabrik Heinrich Krieghoff, Suhl
gaHirsch, Kupfer- u. Messingwerk AG, Finow
galWagner u. Co. GmbH, Muehlhausen in Thueringen
gaqOtto Stephan, Leder- u. Lederwarenfabrik, Muehlhausen
gauHeinrich Sudhaus u. Soehne, Iserlohn
gbVereinigte Deutsche Nickelwerke AG, formerly Westfaelisches Nickelwalzwerke
Fleitmann, Witte u. Co., Schwerte / Ruhr
gbcJ.D. Reidel-E. de Haagen AG, Berlin-Britz
gbdHugo Bauer, Solingen-Wald
gbvEwald Witte u. Co., Velbert
gcdGust. Imhaeuser, Olpe / Westfalen
gcwGoehring-Hebenstreit, Radebeul near Dresden
gcxIng. Karl Brettschneider, Maehrisch-Schoenberg
gcyL.O. Dietrich, Vesta-Naehmaschinenwerke, Altenburg in Thueringen
geuKuhbier u. Co., Praezisionspressstuecke (precision stampings), Wipperfuerth
gfgKarl Hepting u. Co., Leder- u. Guertelfabrik, Stuttgart
ggbI.G. Koenigshuette u. Laurahuette, Kattowitz, main office, Roechling, Koenigshuette,
OS
ggkAktiengesellschaft fuer Cartonnagenindustrie, Dresden
ghfFritz Kiess u. Co., GmbH, Waffenfabrik, Suhl
ghpDeutsche Edelstahlwerke AG, Krefeld, usually mistakenly identified with 'Ruf u. Co.,
Optische Anstalt, Kassel
ghxGebr. Baldauf GmbH, Marienberg / Erzgebirge
gilSometimes claimed to represent 'Auto-Union, Werk Spandau, this is a misreading of
'gll'.
gjdPapier- u. Kartonnagen-Fabrik Richard Popper, Inh. Willy Dietzel, Prag
gjhRudolf Conte, Nachf. Theodor Seibod, Fabrik fuer Lederwaren, Offenbach on the
Main
gjkBudde u. Co., Otto, Stueckfaerberei u. Apreturanstalt, Wueppertal
gkMansfeld AG, Hettstedt, Suedharz
gllAuto-Union AG, Werk Spandau, Berlin
gmoRahm u. Kampmann, Lederwarenfabrik, Kaiserslautern plant
gnAug. Wellner, Aue, Saxony
gonAugust Ruppel, Marktheidenfeld
gpeHugo Aurig GmbH, Engelsdorf
gptGustav Bittner, Weipert / Sudetengau
gqmLoch u. Hartenberger, Idar-Oberstein
grkH. Pohl, Leipzig
grzGebr. Krueger, Lederwarenfabrik, Breslau, Czechoslovakia
gsbSA del Ateliers de la Dyle, Louvain, Belgium
gscS. A. Belge des Mecanique et de l'Armemente, Monceau-sur-Sambre, Belgium
gtbJ.F. Eisfeld GmbH, Pulver- u. Pyrotechnische Fabriken, Guentersberge plant
gugUngarische Optische Werke AG, Budabest, Hungary
gujWerner D. Kuehn, Optische Industrie, Berlin-Steglitz
gumBergisch-Maerkisches Eisenwerk, Velbert, Rheinland
gutWalter Schuermann u. Co., Lederwarenfabrik, Bielefeld
guyWerkzeugmaschinenfabrik Oelikon, Buehrle u. Co., Zurich, Switzerland
gvjRuhrstahl AG, Gelsenkirchen
gvmStaeding u. Meysel Nachfolger, Inh. C. u. H. Weeren, Niedersedlitz / Sachsen
gxxStepper u. Co., Hamburg
gxyGebr. Klinge, Lederwarenfabrik, Dresden- Loebtau
gyfDeutsche Edelstahlwerke, Bochum plant
gyoHans Dinkelmaeyer, Lederwarenfabrik, Nuernberg
gyuGebr. Michera, Prag
gyxElektro-Mechanik GmbH, Reichenberg
gyyGladitz GmbH, Schwaebisch-Gmuend
gyzSteatit-Magnesia AG, Dralowid-Werk, Teltow
gzfWilhelm Schellmann, Moebel-Fabrik, Vlotho-Bonneberg
haWielandwerke AG, Metallhalbfabrikate, Ulm
hamDynamit AG (formerly A. Nobel u. Co.), Hamm plant
hasPulverfabrik Hasloch, Hasloch on the Main
hbgAlfred Schwarz AG, Metallwerk Froedenburg on the Ruhr, Eisenach plant
hbuHeinrich List, Elektrotechnik u. Mechanik, Teltow u. Steglitz
hckGeorg A. Lerch GmbH, Lederwaren u. Stanzwerk, Berlin
hdkEugen Zerver, Remscheid-Reinshagen
hdtMaerkischer Metallbau, Oranienburg
hdvOptische Werk Osterrode GmbH, Osterrode, Harz
henErnst Beutler, Lahr-Dinglingen in Baden
hewIng. F. Janecek, Waffenwerke, Prague
hftH. Becker u. Co., GmbH, Militaer- u. Feuerwehrausruestungen, Berlin
hgsW. Gustav Burmester, Pyrotechnische Fabrik u. Signalmittelwerk, Hamburg
hguFriedenauer Technische Werkstaette GmbH, Berlin-Friedenau
hhcUnion Gesellschaft fuer Metallindustrie, Sils van de Loo u. Co., Froedenberg plant
hhgRheinmetall-Borsig AG, Tegel plant
hhjGebr. Thiel-Seebach GmbH, Ruhla / Thringen
hhrJoseph Schwarz Sohn, Freilassing / Oberbayern
hhuH.A. Erbe AG, Schmalkalden in Thueringen
hhvSteyr-Daimler-Puch AG, Nibelungen plant, St. Valentin, Austria
hhwMetallwerke Silberhuette GmbH, Andreasberg, Harz
hhxM. Boehme, Grosshartmannsdorf in Sachsen
hhyLouis Ulbricht, Rosenthal / Erzgebirge
hhzRoechlingsche Eisen- u. Stalhwerke GmbH, Eisenwerkhuette, Voelkingen
hjgKimnach u. Brunn, Fabrik fuer Heeresausruestung, Kaiserslautern
hjhKarl Ackva, Lederfabrik, Bad Kreuznach
hkmKarl Braun AG KG, Optische Industrie, Nuernberg
hlaMetallwarenfabrik Treuenbrietzen GmbH, Sebaldushof plant
hlbMetallwarenfabrik Treuenbrietzen GmbH, Selterhof plant
hlcZieh- u. Stanzwerk (wire pulling and stamping), Schleusingen
hldC.F. Esser, Koeln
hleLilpop, Rau u. Loewenstein AG, Warschau
hluGesellschaft zur Verwertung chemischer Erzeugnisse mbH, Werk Hessisch-Lichtenau
hlvMaury u. Co., Lederwarenfabrik, Offenbach on the Main
hlyKrafft u. Schuell, Dueren, a misrepresentation of 'hlv'
hnxH. Walter KG, Kiel, Kiel plant and Tannenberg plant
hreC.W. Motz u. Co., Brandenburg an der Havel
hrkSchluermann u. Co. GmbH, Hemer in Westfalen
hrlAlbert Ackermann Nachfolger, Pich u. Schulte, Iserlohn in Westfalen
hrnPresswerk GmbH, Metgethen, East Prussia
htaDr. Koenig u. Co., Wien
htgPolte Armaturen- u. Maschinenfabriken AG, Duderstadt plant, Westphalia
htlFritz Wengels, Berlin
htqGebr. Junghans AG, Schwenningen plant
hwdWestfaelisch-Anhaltische Sprengstoff AG, Herrenwald plant
iElite Diamantwerke AG, Siegmar-Schoenau bei Chemnitz
jGebr. Langer, Schrauben-, Metallwaren- u. Federnfabrik, Chemnitz
jaR. u. G. Schmoele, Menden
janDeutsche Versuchsanstalt fuer Luftfahrt, Berlin-Alderhof
jbaA. Wunderlich Nachf., Fabrik fuer Heeresausruestung, Berlin-Neukoelln
jfpDr. Karl Leiss, Optische Mechanische Instrumente, Berlin-Steglitz
jfsJunkers Flugzeug- u. Motorenwerke AG, Zweigwerk Koethen
jhgGustav Genschow u. Co., AG, Lederwarenfabriken, Alstadt-Hachenburg
jhvMetallwaren, Waffen- u. Maschinenfabrik AG, Budapest, Hungary
jkgKoenigl. Ungar. Staatliche Eisen-, Stahl- u. Maschinenfabrik, Budapest
jkhKarl Busse, Ausruestungsgegenstaende, Mainz
jljHeeres Zeugamt, Ingolstadt
jlnDeutsche Lederwerkstaetten GmbH, Pirmasens
jmeArmeemarinehaus Berlin, Berlin-Charlottenburg
jmhHeinrich Kopp, Inh. Theodor Simoneit, Sonneberg in Thueringen
jnhF. Tuetemann, Luedenscheid / Westfalen
jnkContinental Gummiwerke AG, Hannover
jnwEisenwerke Steele, Essen-Steele
joaDresdner Koffer- u. Taschenfabrik, Karl Heinichen, Dresden
jrrGebr. Junghans, Renchen plant, Baden
jrsGebr. Junghans, branch office, Vienna
jryHermann Herold, Olbernhau-Gruenthal / Sachsen
jsdGustav Reinhardt, Lederwarenfabrik, Berlin
jseMetallwerke Zoeblitz AG, Zoeblitz
jtbS.A. Tavaro, Ghent, Belgium
jttWezel u. Naumann AG, Leipzig
juaDanuvia Waffen- u. Munitionsfabriken AG, Budapest, Hungary
jutVereinigte Wiener Metallwerke, Vienna
jvbWessel u. Mueller, Luckenwalde
jvdErste Nordboehmische Metallwarenfabrik, Adolf Roessler, Niedereinsiedel,
Sudetenland
jveOptische Werke Ernst Ludwig, Weixdorf, Anhalt, Saxony
jvfWilhelm Brand, Treibriemenfabrik, Heidelberg
jwaMoritz Stecher, Lederwerk, Freiburg
jwhManufacture Nationale [Staatliche Waffenfabrik], Chatellerault, France
kFirma Luch u. Wagner, Suhl
kaGerhardi u. Co., Inh. K. Steinweg, Dr. H. Steinweg u. R. Neuerbourg, Luedenscheid,
Westphalia
kamHugo Schneider AG, Werk Skarzysko Kamienna, Poland (from c. 1943 [lt. 7.
Nachtrag], 'HASAG Eiwen- u. Metallwerke GmbH')
kawWeber u. Niezel, Dresden
kbgErwin Backhaus, Remscheid
kceSchneider u. Co., Le Creusot, France
kdjUngarische Metallplattenindustrie AG, Budapest
kebJiranek u. Co., Inh. Wenzel Jiranek, Bruenn
kfaStaatliches Arsenal, Sarajevo, Yugoslavia
kfbGesellschaft zur Verwertung chemischer Erzeugnisse mbH, Werk Kaufbeuren
kfgGesellschaft zur Verwertung chemischer Erzeugnisse mbH, Werk Kaufering.
Sometimes mistakenly listed as 'Yugoslavian state arsenal, Sarajevo ('kfa')
kfkDISA – Dansk Industri Syndikat AS 'Madsen', Kopenhagen
kjjAskania Werke AG, Berlin-Friedenau
kjlGraphische Werke Saarbruecken AG, Saarbruecken
kkdWilhelm Stern, Lederwarenfabrik, Posen
kknPapierwerke Adolf Brandt AG, Eulau ueber Bodenbach
klbJ.F. Eisfeld GmbH, Kieselbach plant
kleJosef Junker, Berlin
klgPhilips Gloeilampenfabrieken, Hilversum
klsSteyr-Daimler-Puch AG, Warsaw plant, Poland
kozH.W. Casack u. Co., Froendeberg / Ruhr
kqdGebr. Junghans, Montagestelle, Exbruecke, Elsass
krdLignose AG, Werk Kriewald (renamed ['lt.8.Nachtrag'] 'Sprengstoffwerke
Oberschlesien Gmbh' in c. 1943)
krgEmil Nitzsche Moebelfabrik, Boehmisch Kamnitz / Sudetengau … Often mistakenly
associated with Emil Busch Optische Industrie ('krq')
krjMesserschmidt, Augsburg
krlDynamit AG (formerly Alfred Nobel u. Co.), Kruemmel plant, Koblenz
krqEmil Busch AG, Optische Werke, Rathenow, Brandenburg
kruLignose Sprengstoffwerke GmbH, Kruppamuehle plant
kryF.A. Sening, Hamburg, sometimes misread as 'kru'
ksbManufacture Nationale d'Armes de Levallois, Levallois, Paris
ksmGebr. Junghans, Braunau plant, Sudeten, Germany
ktzDeutsche Sprengchemie, Klietz plant
kumHartmann u. Braun AG, Frankfurt am Main, sometimes confused with 'kun'
kunJ.F. Eisfeld GmbH, Werk Kunigunde
kurSteyr-Daimler Puch AG, Werk Graz
kusFuellnerwerk GmbH, Bad Warmbruenn in Schlesien. Changed c. 1943 ('lt. 7.
Nachtrag') to 'Doerris Fuellner-Maschinenfabriken AG'
kvuRudolf Fissler KG, Idar-Oberstein
kwcGamma Feinmechanische u. Optische Werke, Budapest
kweHerdfabrik Scholtes, Diedenhofen in Westmark, sometimes misread as 'kwc'
kwmFiat SA, Turin, Italy
kwnDonau-Flugzeugbau AG, Csepel-Budapest, sometimes confused with 'kwm'
kyeErnst Hilker u. Co., Detmold, sometimes misread as 'kyn' or 'kyo'
kynAstra, Kronstadt (Ruemanien). Renamed in c. 1943 ['lt.7.Nachtrag'], 'Astra, Fabrica
Romana de Vagoae, Motoane, Arm ament si Munitiuni, Brasov'
kyoVoina, Kronstadt (Ruemanien). Renamed in c. 1943 ['lt.7.Nachtrag'], 'Intreprinderil e
Metalurgie, Dumitru Voina, Societate Anonima Romana, Fabrica de Armament,
Brasov'
kypRogifor, Bukarest (Ruemanien). Subsequently renamed 'Rumaenisch-Deutsche
Industrie- u. Handels AG, Bukarest'
kzaEmil Niethammer, Stuttgart-Vaihingen
kznKienzle Uhrenfabrik GmbH, Dammerkirch plant
kzuThonet u. Mundus, Bistritz am Harz
lAstrafabrik, Chemnitz
laDuerener Metallwerke, Dueren
lacZuchthaus Coswig, Anhalt.
laeHeinrich Zeiss, Gastingen
laxLennewerk GmbH, Altena
ldbSprengstoff u. pyrotechnische Fabriken vorm. Lechfeld u. Depyfag GmbH, Werk
Berlin-Malchow
ldcSprengstoff u. pyrotechnische Fabriken vorm. Lechfeld u. Depyfag GmbH, Werk
Cleebronn (Deutsche Pyrotechnische-Fabrik from 1943 onward)
ldnSprengstoff u. pyrotechnische Fabriken vorm. Lechfeld u. Depyfag GmbH, Werk
Neumarkt / Oberpfalz
ldoHeinrich Schumacher u. Co., Inh. August Jockers, Gruenstadt
lgeKugelfabrik Schulte u. Co., Tente, Rheinland
lgsChr. Weiersmueller KG, Nuernberg O.
ljpKarl Knauer KG, Lettingen bei Urach
lkcErnst Fischer, Wolfenbuettel
lkmMunitionsfabriken (formerly Sellier u. Bellot), Veitsberg plant, Prague
lmgHermann Detjen, Bad Muenster am Deister
lmqCarl Zeiss, Jena
lpkServotechna AG, Prag
ltmGebr. G. u. H. Rosner, Litzmannstadt
lwgOptische Werke Osterrode GmbH, Freiheit near Osterrode
lwwHuet u. Cie., Paris
lwxO.P.L. Optique et Precision de Levallois, Levallois, Paris
lwySociete d' Optique et Mechanique de Haute Precision, Paris
lyfMetallurgia Werke AG, Radomeko, Poland
lzaMauser-Werke AG, Karlsruhe plant
maMetallwerke F.A. Lange AG, Aue, Saxony
mdrVereinigte Leichtmetallwerke, Bonn
mhkMetallwerke Schwarzwald AG, Villingen
mhvFinow Kupfer- u. Messingwerke AG, Finow
mjrUnion Gesellschaft fuer Met. Ind., Sils van de Loo u. Co., Thorn plant
mkfTrierer Walzwerk AG, Wuppertal-Langerfeld
mlUnidentified, reportedly found on small arms
mnfVDM-Luftfahrtwerke AG Heddernheim, Frankfurt on the Main
mngVDM-Luftfahrtwerke AG Heddernheim, Frankfurt on the Main
mocJohan Springer's Erben, Gewehrfabrikanten, Vienna
mogDeutsche Sprengchemie, Moschwig plant
mooKloeckner-Werke AG, Duesseldorf plant
mozEisenwerk Gesellschaft Maximilanshuette, Maxhuette-Haidhof
mppMetallwerk K. Leibfried, Boeblingen, Sindelfingen plant
mprS.A. Hispano Suiza, Geneva, Switzerland
mpuWlaschimer Mascinenfabrik GmbH, Prag
mpvSchmolz u. Bickenbach, Neuss plant, Duesseldorf
mpyKlockner-Werke AG, Georgsmarienhuette Osnabrueck
mrbAktiengesellschaft vorm. Skodawerke, Werk Prag-Smichow
mrdHuettenwerke Siegerland, Wissen
mrfFr. Krupp, Berthawerk AG, Breslau
mwsKabelwerk Wagner KG, Wuppertal
myxRheinmetall-Borsig AG, Soemmerda plant
naWestfaelische Kupfer- u. Messingwerke AG, Luedenscheid, Westphalia
nasGebr. Junghans AG, Schramberg, Black Forest
nbUnknown
nbeHasag, Eisen- u. Metallwerke GmbH, Tschenstochau plant
nbhFriedr. Krupp AG, Essen, Werk Mariupol / Ukraine
nbrMetallwarenfabrik Hubert Pruente, Neheim-Huesten
ncrKrupp-Germaniawerft, Kiel-Gaarden
ndnHeinrich Bluecher, Fabrik techn. Buersten, Spremberg
ndrFried. Krupp, Essen
neaWalther Steiner, Eisenkonstruktionen, Suhl
necWaffenwerke Bruenn AG, V Gurein plant, Prague
nedFried. Krupp, Essen
nfwBerlin-Neuroder Kunstanstalten AG, Berlin
nfxRheinisch-Westfaelische Munitionsfabriken GmbH, plants in Warsaw and Prague
ngkLuftfahrt-Apparatebau GmbH, Berlin
nhrRheinmetall-Borsig AG, Soemmerda plant
nmnKoenigs- u. Bismarckhuette AG, Walzwerk Bismarckhuette-OS (rolling mill)
nnUnidentified
nrhJohannsen u. Ziegner, Oranienburg
ntfMetzenauer u. Jung, Werk Gross-Heilendorf in Ostsudetenland
nwkHeinrich List, Rheinau, Elsass
nxcJan Hubalek, Prag
nxrAnschuetz u. Co., Kiel-Neumuehlen
nyvRheinmetall-Borsig AG, Unterluess plant
nywGustloff-Werke, Otto Eberhard, Meinigen plant
oaEduard Hueck, Metallwalzwerk, Luedenscheid
oaoAlbert von Heede, Priorei
obnHanseatische Apparatebau-Gesellschaft, Neufeld u. Kuhnke GmbH, Reichenbach
plant
ocwHeinrich List, Berlin-Steglitz
odgDeutsche Sprengchemie GmbH, Oderberg plant
oesKarl Diehl, Peterswaldau
olsUnion Ges. fuer Metallindustrie, Sils van de Loo, Auschwitz plant
onaBoulonnerei Calibree, Valence
ossGebr. Bachert, Karlsruhe-Muehlburg
oxoTeuto-Metallwerke GmbH, Osnabrueck
oydHarburger Gummiwarenfabrik Phoenix AG, Werk Prag-Sabechtlitz
oyjAteliers de Construction de Tarbes, France
pPolte Armaturen- u. Maschinenfabrik AG, Magdeburg, later renamed 'Polte-Werke'.
Also sometimes mistakenly identified with 'Ruhrstahl AG, Brackwede'
pcdpSee 'p' and 'cdp' separately
pjjStaatliche Munitionsfabrik, Kopenhagen
plaUnknown
pmfUnknown
pmqAllegedly 'Gevelot, Paris' – Societe Francaise des Munitions, Paris
pmtUnknown
pmuUnknown
pvfOptische Werke . C. Reichert, Vienna
pyyUnknown
qaWilliam Prym, Stollberg, Rheinland
qlvUnknown
qnwUnknown
qrbPirotecnico di Bologna, Italy
qveKarl Walther, Zella-Mehlis, Thuringia
rWestfaelische-Anhaltische Sprengstoff AG, Reinsdorf plant
raDeutsche Messingwerke, C. Eveking AG, Berlin-Niederschoenweide
rdeUnknown
rdfWestfaelische-Anhaltische Sprengstoff AG, Werk Reinsdorf
rfoUnknown
rhsRheinmetall-Borsig AG, Soemmerda
rlnKarl Zeiss, Jena
rtlUnknown
sDynamit AG (formerly A. Nobel u. Co.), Lambrecht plant
sbPre-1939 trademark of Sellier & Bellot in Prague
sgxBelieved to be a subsidiary of E. & F. Hoerster, Solingen (see also 'asw'
sheUnknown
staRheinische_Westfaelische Sprengstoff AG, Stadeln bei Nuernberg.
sukBelieved to be a subsidiary of the Karlsruhe-Durlach factory of Deutsche Waffen- u.
Munitionsfabriken
supUnknown
svwMauser-Werke, Oberndorf on the Neckar
swpAn unidentified subsidiary of Waffenwerke Bruenn AG, Bruenn, Czechoslovakia
tDynamit AG, Troisdorf plant
taDuerener Metallwerke AG, Berlin-Borsigwalde
thgAllegedly used on ammunition made by Polte-Werkem AG in Duderstadt
tjkUnknown
tkoUnknown
tpkUnknown
tpnUnknown
tvwUnknown
uaOsnabruecker Kupfer- u. Drahtwerke AG, Osnabrueck
untUnknown
uxaUnknown
vaKabel- u. Metallwerke Neumeyer AG, Nuernberg
vsUnknown
wGesellschaft zur Verwertung Chem. Erzeugnisse, Wolfratshausen plant
waHasag, Hugo Schneider AG, Abteilung Lampenfabrik, Leipzig
wbHugo Schneider AG, Berlin-Koepenick
wcHasag, Hugo Schneider AG, Meuselwitz plant, Thuringia
wdHasag, Hugo Schneider AG, Taucha plant
weHasag, Hugo Schneider AG, Langewiesen plant
wfHasag, Hugo Schneider AG, Kielce plant, Poland
wgHasag, Hugo Schneider AG, Altenburg plant
whHasag, Hugo Schneider AG, Eisenach plant
wjHasag, Hugo Schneider AG, Oberweissbach plant
wkHasag, Hugo Schneider AG, Schlieben plant
wmHasag, Hugo Schneider AG, Dermbach plant, Thuringia
wnHasag, Hugo Schneider AG, Dermbach plant, Thuringia
wtfUnknown
xPossibly used by Rheinisch-Westfaelische Sprengstoff
xaBusch u. Jaeger, Luedenscheider Metallwerke, Luedenscheid
yJagdpatronen, Zuendhuetchen- u. Metallwarenfabrik AG, Nagyteteny plant, Budapest.
yaSaechsische Metallwarenfabrik, August Wellner u. Sohn, Aue, Saxony
zWaffenwerke Bruenn AG, Povaska Bystrica
zbKupferwerk Ilsenburg AG, Ilsenburg, Harz
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Sports Card Rookies in Boxes and Packs

I’ve curated a list of boxes and packs that contain Rookie cards that might be worth collecting, saving, and flipping.

Sports Card Rookie Boxes

2024 Panini Prizm WNBA Blasters (and probably other boxes)

This comes in two types. One that says Ice Prizm, which isn’t worth as much –

And one that says WNBA Logo Prizm, which was some kind of Dick’s Sporting Goods exclusive? This one is worth almost 2.5 times more compared to the Ice Prizm

Other boxes include –

  • 2018 Bowman Baseball Mega Box (Shohei Ohtani 1st Card/RC)
  • 2023/24 Topps Chrome UEFA Soccer Jumbo Box (Lamine Yamal Rookie Autos)
  • 2023 Bowman Draft Baseball Jumbo Box (Paul Skenes 1st Bowman Autos and Tom Brady Autos)
  • 2018 Bowman Chrome Baseball HTA Box (Shohei Ohtani Rookie Autos)
  • 2017 Panini XR Football Hobby Box (Patrick Mahomes Rookie Autos)
  • 2023-24 Panini Prizm Deca Basketball Hobby Box (Wembanyama and Thompson Twins Rookie Year)
  •  2023 Panini Prizm Football Hobby Box (CJ Stroud Rookie Year)
  • 2024 Panini Prizm Football Hobby Box (Jayden Daniels/Caleb Williams/Drake Maye/Bo Nix Rookie Years)
  • 2018-19 Panini Absolute Basketball Hobby Box (Luka Doncic / Shai Gilgeous-Alexander Rookie Autos)
  • 2015-16 O-Pee-Chee Platinum Hockey Hobby Box (Connor McDavid Rookie Auto)

Sports Card Rookie Packs

1989 Fleer Baseball – A system for finding the Billy Ripken “Fuck Face” card. Essentially, press hard against the back of the pack (at either the top or bottom) and look for: Chuck Crim, Bo Jackson, Bob McClure, Scott Bailes, Chris Sabo, Checklist, Charlie Hayes, Steve Curry, Shawon Dunston, Paul Molitor, or Tony Armas. Due to the way the packs were collated, if those appear when pressed, Ripken is in the pack.

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WW2 Men’s Magazines

During World War II, US GIs had access to a variety of pin-up style men’s magazines, often referred to as “cheesecake”. The artwork might be drawings of girls or actual photos of models posing in a variety of burlesque, bespoke, and suggestive poses or scenes. These magazines were considered “pulp,” meaning cheap and disposable.

They rarely showed nudity in any mass-market commercial product, but a few like Gay Life (gay as in happy; produced from 1933?-1939? – link takes you to a magazine example with nudity) did. How this got around the Comstock Act, is anyone’s guess.

Some famous pin-up artists include Peter Driben, Alberto Vargas, George Petty, Vaughan Alden Bass, Al Buell, Earl Morgan, Billy De Vorrs (or De Vorss), and Gil Elvgren.

Some producers of Men’s Magazines include Robert Harrison, Brown and Bigelow, and Louis F Dow Co. (which was a calendar company)

Different magazines focused on different things, such as sadomasochism, “photostories” (which conceptually was created by Robert Harrison and consisted of scantilly clad girls doing routine things like moving furniture over 2-4 pages), interviews, violence/crime, gossip, humor, adventure/mystery/western/detective stories, breaking news type stories, celebrity scandal, and expose/investigative journalism, bawdy stories, letters from readers etc, but they all included a hefty dose of girls and content that appeal to the male gaze.

This article doesn’t purport to be a historical review of “Pin-Ups”; however, for a historical and academic discussion, see the Construction of the Pin-up Girl in US History.

The list below isn’t exhaustive, but only shows some representative examples. For a larger index of Men’s Magazines, see: Index of Men’s Magazines. For a general discussion of pulp magazines, Pulp International (link contains nudity) does a good job.

As in every industry, once someone figures out a winning formula, copycats come out. So, many of these magazines appear similar but are produced by different companies.

Suppose you want to think about the progression of “Girlie Mags that appeal to Men” on a timeline. In that case, it starts in the 1870s with dances like burlesque, belly dancing (especially with Fahreda Mazar aka Little Egypt), and striptease acts by the 1900s. As pulp magazines and film come around by the 1920s it’s “good looking girls” and sex-themed stories, to suggestive/implict in the late 1930s/1940s, to explicit but artistic in the 1950s (with the birth of Playboy and Marilyn Monroe posing nude), to explict nudie and sex films (think 1970s New York Times peep shows; and Deep Throat (film; link goes to wiki article), to mass market and commericalized pornography for porn’s sake in the 1980/1990s without any redeming artistic value. Each sort of decade has had US Supreme Court cases that begin to loosen standards, along with social and technological changes leading us to whatever it is we have now.

For a look at World War Two Civilian Magazines and Newspapers, check out the link.

World War 1 Era Magazines

Snappy Stories – Aug 1912 to 1933/1934. For a historical review, see Snappy Stories. For historical context, see: Viña Delmar, Flapper Fiction, and Snappy Stories Magazine.

Its name changed to Snappy Stories and Pictures in 1927.

For an example, see this March 4th, 1916 edition.

The Parisienne – Jul-1915 – Aug-1915. Then from Sep 1915 to Feb 1921, as The Parisienne Monthly Magazine. Then from March 1921 to June 1921, as The New Parisienne Monthly Magazine. Then from July 1921 to April 1922, as The Follies. Finally, from May 1922 to July 1922, as Fascinating Fiction.

Originally named to help ride the wave of French propaganda coming ashore in the US amid WW1.

Gheesh, talk about a rebranding problem.

Breezy Stories or Breezy Stories and Young’s Magazine – The twin titles reflect periods where the publishers would oscillate between the two. Produced between Sept 1915 to Sept 1949.

See this Breezy Stories March 1916 as an example.

Saucy Stories – Aug 1916 to May 1925. Then renamed Heart to Heart Stories from June 1925 to July 1925. Likely ceased publication in the mid to late 1920s.

1920s and 1930s Men’s Magazines

Spicy Stories – From Dec 1928 (Vol 1 No 1) to Oct 1928.

The magazine company Culture Publications was then pressured to “clean up” and introduced Spicy Detective, Spicy Adventure Stories, Spicy Western Stories, and Spicy Mystery Stories in the mid-1930s. The magazines augmented the sex appeal to include different kinds of stories to tamp down criticism.

The “Spicy” brand of magazines became very popular. For example, see this Sept 1936 edition.

Dec-1928 – 1930? The King Publishing Co., Dover, Delaware, produced it. In 1933, Merwil Publishing Co., Inc., 480 Lexington Ave., New York City, produced it. Publication lasted until the late 1930s and likely couldn’t translate into the “pin-up” era.

Other Pre-War magazines include: Paris Nights, Pep Stories, Ginger Stories, and Broadway Nights. For a review of popular “girlie pulp” magazines, see The Birth of the Girlie Pulp and 12 examples of Girlie Pulp.

Allure Magazine – Produced from July 1937 (Vol 1, No 1) to Sept 1937 by Yorkhouse Publications, 404 North Wesley Ave., Mt. Morris, Ill.

High Heel – Produced by Silk Stocking (Ultem Publications) between April 1937 (Vol 1, No 1) to 1939?

Silk Stocking – Probably starts in Sept/Oct/Nov 1936, (Vol 1 No 1). First called Silk Stocking Revue (Dec 1936), then changed to Silk Stocking Stories. Ended in 1939.

World War II Era Men’s Magazines

Beauty Parade: This was produced between October 1941 to February 1956 by Robert Harrison. It was one of the first magazines to capitalize on the “Pin-up” craze. He then went on to create Titter, Wink, Flirt, and Eyeful. See the Vol 7 No 3 1948 edition.

Titter: This was produced from Aug 1943 to April 1955 by Robert Harrison. Made famous due to a Band of Brothers, an HBO series, scene. The magazine is 8.5 wide and 11.5 high.

For an example of a post-war copy, see: Titter 1949 Vol 6 No 2.

Titter Vol 1 No 4 Spring 1944

Wink: This was produced between Summer 1944 to 1955 by Robert Harrison. For a full copy, see Wink Dec 1947.

Eyeful: This was produced between March 1943 to April 1955 by Robert Harrison. Later editions featured Bettie Page. It likely featured all of the popular burlesque, pinup, and stripper models in New York at the time. For a humorous analysis of the April 1949 magazine.

Jessica Rogers (the inspiration for Jessica Rabbit in the film Who Framed Roger Rabbit) was a model/dancer and posed for the magazine?

Giggles: Produced between 1943 to 1946.

Joker: Produced between Spring 1942 to? by Comedy Publications (which had the same Dunellen, NJ business address as Timely/Marvel publishing). Consists of pin-up girls and humorous cartoons. Interestingly, some of Marvel Comics’ illustrators would moonlight under different names for this magazine firm, as it was more adult.

Cutie – May-1944 to Oct-1946. The image is the last edition. A copy of Titter.

The Stocking Parade – Produced from July 1937 (Vol 1, No 1) to June 1943 by Arrow Publications.

Carnival – May 1939 to Jan 1940? It then combined with Show from June 1940 to November 1942 as Carnival Combined with Show (which is just objectively a bad name).

Laff – 1940 to probably the mid to late 1950s by Volitant Publishing. A humorous magazine. For a page-by-page breakdown, see Laff Magazine, Oct 1945. Marilyn Monroe (going by her name, Norma Jean, but misidentified as Jean Norman) was the cover model in the Aug 1946 edition.

This is a great write-up on Adrian Lopez, who created the magazine and went on to build an empire of bulk periodicals.

Gags – 1941 to 1942 by Triangle Publications. A copycat of Laff. The black dot that appears on the cover appears throughout the magazine and is a running joke.

You can download the full copies below. Size is 10 1/2-in. x 13 1/2-in and printed on cheap newspaper print.

Another example is called What’s Cookin! Which was made by the Comic Corporation of America, probably between 1942 to at least 1943. Same concept as Laff. You can view the Vol 1 No 7 Nov 1943 version here.

Post World War II Men’s Magazines

Flirt: This was produced between 1947 to 1955 by Robert Harrison. A pin-up style magazine with “photostories”, jokes, and men’s humor. You can review the Aug 1953 version here.

Confidential: This was produced between November/Dec 1952 to Aug 1958 by Robert Harrison. It was Robert Harrison’s best publication and focused on a lot of scandals, and is kind of a tabloid magazine. The decline of his WW2 “pin-up” magazines and his refusal to do full frontal nudity spreads led him to create this one. Though, he was eventually sued and forced to sell it. It continued publication until 1978.

Whisper: This was produced between April 1946 to probably 1958 by Robert Harrison. It consists of recycled stories from Confidential.

Glance – 1948-1952 by Cape Magazine.

Showgirls – Produced only from 1947 to 1948 by Your Guide Publications. For Vol 1 No 3 from July 1947, see this link.

Cover Girl Models – 1949-1955 by Models Publishing Co

Vue – 1950s to ? The image shows Marilyn Monroe in the August 1952, January 1955, and August 1955 editions.

The Korean War

G-Eyefuls: A Manual of Arms and Legs – By Bill Boltin 1951. A pin-up style book marketed towards soldiers in the Korean War. Burlesque queen Lili St. Cyr appears twice.

You can download the full copy here.

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Surviving the Second Trump Administration

Below are some guides and information that I’ve found to help plan for various “what if” scenarios to survive different aspects of the 2nd Trump Admin

Organizing and Planning

Indivisible: A Practical Guide to Democracy on the Brink – PDF that outlines how to organize and protest and counter act stupid GOP bullshit and Trump illegal actions.

Insurrection Act

Part 1: On April 20th, 2025, the United States may Cross the Point of No Return.

What to do if the Insurrection Act is invoked

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Ultimate Take Down of Anti-Abortion Logic

This will be a list of abortion-related sayings commonly found on the internet and rebuttals to them.

The Bible Says…

This is essentially an appeal to a specific grounded set of morality. When you do this you get pushback because not everyone grounds their morality in the Christian Bible.

Indeed, the Bible says a lot of things. It bans tattoos in Leviticus 19:28, “You shall not make gashes in your flesh for the dead, or incise any marks on yourselves.” and in Leviticus 19:19 says “Don’t plant your fields with two kinds of seed [and] Don’t wear clothes woven of two kinds of material.”

So if you want to base decisions on the Bible you cannot pick and choose.

Moreover, we aren’t a theocracy so basing it on Biblical values is just insane.

In addition, certain religions and denominations either approve of abortion (in all or just certain situations) or don’t have anything to say about it all.

Judaism doesn’t believe life begins at conception and that a fetus isn’t a person. All major Jewish religions allow abortion to save the life of the mother.

Islam and Buddhism don’t have a say in it one way or another.

Certain Christian denominations like Presbyterian Church approve of abortion with few limits.

Pew Research has a great recap of all the stances.

Lastly, it often depends on whose Bible (it’s been translated into 700 languages and has 4 major versions) and how it’s interpreted. Numbers 5:22-27 approve of an abortion procedure “May this water that brings a curse enter your body so that your abdomen swells or your womb miscarries”.

In Leviticus 27:6 the quote indirectly says a fetus isn’t a person when it says “…for a person between one month and five years, set the value of a male at five shekels of silver and that of a female at three shekels of silver”. It implies that you’re a person at one month of age but before that, you aren’t. So it cannot be murder because you’re not yet a person.

This is a good site to go to for how to use the Bible against abortion protestors.

Simply put, you’re not winning an argument when ground it in religion.

Common arguments in the abortion debate: https://patcosta.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Ethics-and-Common-Arguments-About-Abortion.pdf

Abortion as a life ethic; need to have broader application if want to be taken seriously: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/27/opinion/republicans-abortion-pro-life.html ; https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/30/opinion/abortion-schenck.html.

Abortion is murder


It isn’t. https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/politics/a19748134/what-is-abortion/. IVF is also rarely, if at all mentioned in abortion legislation. Presumably, a couple could use IVF and then decide to abort the mixture after a couple of days. The only difference is that a woman’s uterus is not involved. If abortion is murder then why are you not concerned with the reasons for the millions of miscarries?

Life Begins at Conception:


Yes, it can be argued that. But that neither makes it alive nor deserving of personhood. Life is a developmental process: https://rewire.news/article/2012/11/04/life-begins-at-conception-thats-not-point-0/.

Various religions differ on when life begins https://slate.com/human-interest/2017/04/when-does-life-begin-outside-the-christian-right-the-answer-is-over-time.html.

Abortion as Medical not Moral argument: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/19/opinion/abortion-arguments-morality-policy.html

Alabama and Abortion – Criminalizing and Jailing

At some point technology is going to advance where women (or men) can disable the ability to make a baby at the genetic level with a pill. Making it 100% guaranteed to not get pregnant. We are just in the beginning stages of individualized medicine thanks to the breakthroughs of CRISPR.

At that point the entire abortion debate is a moot point and footnote in the history of the US. The outcome is already established, it is only a matter of time when. I’ll write the history in the year 2150.

“While not stated explicitly in the constitution, Roe vs Wade legalized abortion across the US. This created two camps: a pro-life camp and a pro-choice camp. This was part of the Culture War and lasted approximately, 125 years. This debate was resolved by The Pill 2.0 in 2075, that disables the ability to make a baby at the genetic level until a person decides to have one.”

Now that we know how this debate will end-up, can we all agree to go save the ice caps?

EDIT:

For those who say “but I’ll continue to save the unborn till such a time”, you implicitly agree to the pro-choice position. Here’s why.

A supposed pill 2.0 permits women (and men) to control when they get pregnant/want to reproduce. You obviously cannot force people to NOT take the pill. You will be obligated to support choice, which carries with it the implication that pregnancy was always a choice, to begin with. Following the logic of choice, if it was always a choice, to begin with, it means women have bodily autonomy over how they control their pregnancy including terminating it.

TAKE DOWN OF ANTI-CHOICE TALKING POINTS

  1. Abortion is birth control. Abortion is healthcare. Abortion is responsible. Knowing you don’t have the means — financial, emotional or otherwise — to start or grow a family and proceeding to prevent a birth is called being responsible. 
  2. Abortion is safe, especially prior to 13 weeks, when more than 90 percent of abortions take place. Medication abortions can often be completed at home. Surgical abortions take roughly five minutes and, without sedation, can be done on your lunch break from work. Abortion is 14 times safer than childbirth.
  3. Adoption is not an alternative to pregnancy, it’s an alternative to parenting. Abortion is the alternative to pregnancy. 
  4. Pregnancy is not a mere “inconvenience,” as I’ve seen many anti-choicers proclaim. Pregnancy is a body- and life-altering event. It can and often does come with a wide range of temporary, long-lasting and sometimes permanent side effects and complications. Calling it an inconvenience is, frankly, offensive.
  5. Pregnancy is not a punishment for sex, it’s a consequence of sex. Antis essentially claim that having sex that results in pregnancy means you forfeit any say over your body; that’s your punishment. This is moral relativism. It’s the imposition of religious morality onto the masses. There’s no other foundation for this argument.
  6. This is an extension of number 5: pregnant people are still people, and they still have the same right to bodily autonomy that they had before an egg inside of them was fertilized. No one, fetuses included, can use that pregnant person’s blood, organs, or body to sustain their own life. There’s a reason the right to bodily autonomy outweighs the right to life. Unless we’re ready to put laws in place that mandate organ donation, we’ll remember that. Unfortunately, people will die without livers and kidneys, but that’s the cost of freedom and autonomy.
  7. Using emotion-laden words and phrases such as “killing babies,” “murder,” and “infanticide” cheapens and distorts this conversation. We’re talking about non-sentient embryos and a medical procedure.
  8. Later abortions (after 20 weeks) are a result of one of three things: unimaginable health complications preventing the conclusion of the pregnancy; anti-choice policies that have worked to delay what would have been an earlier abortion; or finances. Often, people will spend too much time trying to gather the funds for their abortion, and as the procedure costs more the later it is done, they’re caught in a cycle of constantly coming up short. This is why abortion funding is necessary.
  9. Defunding Planned Parenthood, which among other things cheaply provides the means to prevent pregnancy, and subsequently outlawing abortion is called reproductive oppression. Limiting the information provided about sex to religion-based ideas of abstinence is not only proven to be ineffective, but also unethical. People have a right to have all the information and resources they need to make decisions about their bodies.
  10. Banning abortion will only affect the already most vulnerable populations. People of means will always be able to obtain a safe abortion in another state. People in poverty will risk their lives or even die trying.
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Taxes

This post will contain different arguments surrounding taxation that are commonly seen on the Internet.

Taxation is Theft

This one is bantered around by Libertarians and others who want to sound interesting. The phrase has a built-in assumption that since you didn’t agree to be taxed money taken from you, as a result, is inherently theft.

Which is true. If I didn’t consent then you’re effectively stealing from me.

So the questions then arise around “consent” and how you communicate “consent”.

Part of it is being born, you inherently agree not to live in a state of nature. Humans settled down to create civilizations because being hunter/gathers more or less sucks. Food is hard to find, you don’t live long, and you’re in a constant battle against nature and others for resources.

Human technology evolved to the point where it was more efficient to settle down with like-minded folks and create a society that eases some of the negatives. To enforce society taxes were created as a functional way to administer. I give up some money or resources to a central figure (could be a person or an idea or an institution) who then uses those resources to provide a benefit for all (like communal defense).

So society has deemed long before you were born that being in a constant state of nature is worse than paying taxes.

The other part is being in a democracy. In a democracy of which there are two types, direct and indirect. In a direct democracy, everyone gathers and makes decisions as a whole. This is only really possible in small towns and was championed by ancient Greece. In an indirect democracy (called Representative Democracy or a Republic) you elect someone who then makes decisions. The idea being if the person is a bad representative and makes bad decisions you pick someone else. This was championed by ancient Rome.

The US is currently a Republic so we elect people to make rules for society. This is called “Consent of the Governed”. We elect people to make rules for us. If their rules suck we elect new people. To administer the rules, taxes are collected.

So taxation is only theft if you don’t consent and the only way to “not consent” is to drop out of society or elect people who remove taxes.

Collecting Taxes From the Wealthy

We once collected taxes from the very wealthy because we enforced the law: https://wwnorton.com/books/9781324002727.

CPATION TEXR
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Restoring an M1941 Mermite Can Dated 1940

At the start of World War II, the US Army had created, what is essentially a cooler, the M1941 Mermite Can. I won’t go into too much historical discussion of it as the guys at the 90th covered it with their article: Keeping it Cool. However, the model I picked up for $175 in May of 2025 off of Facebook Marketplace has a few unique characteristics.

First off, the cover has a single bar used for closing as opposed to a wired bar on most models. Secondly, the underside says “US JQMD 1940”, which stands for United States Jefferson Quartermaster Depot. Along with a cut in the underside seam, though, I’m unclear if that’s part of the design or if it was damaged. Thirdly, the cover feels like it’s made of tin.

Which, yes, makes it very odd that the model is technically an M1941 but with a date made before.

While this isn’t mine, I did come across some old images taken around 2000 that show an M1941 mermite can dated 1935 with the bar lid design that appears to be modified into having a wired bar.

In another example, courtesy of the US Medical History Group, it shows a 1939 dated model. However, on the inside, it lacks the granite wear with the sides appearing to be in. Additionally, the can does come with a gasket, but it’s painted red (that’s the red ring around the lip of the can).

All this supposes my copy is some kind of early variant or prototype? My hunch is that there was some kind of M1935 Mermite can design that then got updated into the M1941. Or the United States Jefferson Quartermaster Depot just internally made a few of these cans for various reasons and purposes (it would explain why the lid is stamped “US JQMD 1940”, rather than a specific contracted firm). Both with tinned internals and with graniteware.

When the war started, they made a few tweaks to the design and sent the M1941 contact for the cans out to companies. Then modified the existing ones to fit the new design.

I say this as most models look like this –

M1941 mermite can showing a wired bar at the top
Courtesy of http://www.90thidpg.us/

When I picked mine up it didn’t dawn on me that the huge hole in the side had asbestos poking through (along with a spider that eventually died for history)

Now, no amount of asbestos is safe, but I do know from owning a home dated 1944, which had asbestos siding, that the major concern is it breaking apart and becoming friable or ground into small pieces that can become airborne.

To fix this, you need to cover it.

The siding in my former home was covered up with metal siding, and to fix this, I first sprayed some water so the particles would get inside the can. This can be used to help tamp down any asbestos that breaks loose and could float out of the hole and into the air.

Next, I used Great Stuff to spray into the hole. It made it look very ugly and not professional, but it did resolve the immediate health concern. I made sure to use gloves, wear a mask and goggles, and junk clothes (for the whole process) that I washed right away (as well as taking a shower when I was done). For such a small task, I didn’t think a full-blown suit was required, as I wasn’t doing asbestos abatement.

Underside of mermite can with great foam being used to patch.

Next, I took some paper towels and a 50:50 vinegar and water solution via a spray bottle and gave the can a wipe down on the outside and inside, and underneath, including the lid.

I then used a green scrub pad and scrubbed the underside of the lid to remove the rust. I also scrubbed the rusted areas on the side and underneath to kind of sand it down, in preparation for being spray-painted.

Next, I turned my attention to the inside. I saw rust spots, and knowing I wanted to use this as a cooler, I bought some food-safe silicone and applied it using my fingers over the rust spots. I gave each rust spot a good coating. This helps ensure that any water that ends up in it won’t further damage the graniteware.

Finally, it was time to paint.

It seems many reenactors and restorers have used a variety of colors to paint the M1941 can. As mine is an older version, I honestly have no clue what color to use and just went with generic olive drab. I don’t think it looks too bad, and if future historians unearth the exact color specs, I’d change it.

I spray-painted the top lid (all sides and underneath) and the can (all sides and underneath). I did leave the inside lip of the can untouched as I wanted to preserve the history of the paint applications over time, which I think there were four.

An original green as shown in the lid (see the above previous picture), a red, a grey, and a white (which is what it looked like when I bought it)

I suppose I could have sand-blasted the paint off and primed it, and then painted it, but I didn’t want to take the time to figure out how to do that, and then figure out how to properly dispose of what is likely lead paint particulates/chips. When in fact, this will likely need a new paint job down the road once we figure out what the right color is.

An extra step was adding a rubber gasket. Now, truth be told, I’m not sure if this version had one. However, wartime dated models did. I followed some advice in the G503 forum and bought a rubber gasket, cut it to fit, and then super-glued the ends. The gasket should be 1/4″ wide 3/16″ high, square.

On a whim, I sprayed WD-40 into the various hinges and movable parts to help loosen them up.

After about 3 hours and an extra 50 dollars for supplies, I was done.

Would I do this again? Considering the rarity of the item, yes. But I would have tried to get it closer to $100 and come prepared to store the can (maybe wrap it in a heavy duty black garbage bag) until I can figure out a more historical solution to patch the holes (maybe some kind of JB Weld?) than scrambling to use Great Stuff.

Items I used

A can of Great Stuff

50 Pack of Nitrile black gloves (went through about 15 pairs as I swapped out frequently)

A plastic spray bottle that held a 50:50 water/vinegar solution

2 rolls of paper towels

Clear Silicone

A pack of green scrub pads

1 can of Olive Drab paint

Rubber Gasket: Square-Profile Oil-Rst Buna-N O-Ring Cord Stock 1/4 Fractional Width, 0.275″ Actual Width, 10 ft. Length from McMaster, # 9700k14

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Web Design Unit Using Code Academy

Web Design Unit Code Academy

This web design unit code academy unit uses the CodeAcademy.com tutorials. Students are to then complete the following questions. The questions for each unit are linked to a Google Document. This Google Document cannot be edited by the student. You are welcome to copy and paste the information from the Google Doc and edit it for your needs.  As part of this unit, students should complete the tutorials, the questions, and the practicals.

Web Design Unit Code Academy: Quizzes Table

HTML Basics I Quiz HTML Basics II Quiz HTML Basics III Quiz

Web Design Unit Code Academy: Tutorial Table

     Unit 1 Part I: HTML Basics Unit 2 Part I: HTML Basics II
Unit 2 Part II: Social Networking Profile Unit 3 Part I: HTML Basics III Unit 3 Part II: Clickable Photo Page
 Unit 4 Part I: CSS Overview  Unit 4 Part II: Design a Button for your Website  Unit 5 Part I: CSS Selectors

Helpful Websites

W3 Schools HTML and CSS Tutorials, Guides, Examples

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Arduino Projects

Ardunio Lesson Plans: Projects

Blinking Light Project

Blinking Light Instructions

Blinking Light Tutorial

Blinking Light with Button Project

Blinking Light with Button Instructions

Blinking Light with Button Tutorial

Traffic Light Project

Traffic Light

RGB Light Project

RGB Light

 RGB Light Tutorial

DC Motor and Fan Project

DC Motor and Fan

Servo Motor Project

Servo Motor

Servo Motor with Potentiometer Project

Servo Motor with Potentiometer

LCD Display Project

LCD Display

Potentiometer with LED Project

Potentiometer with LED

Peizo Buzzer Project

Piezo Buzzer Melody 

For information on how to create notes see: Arduino Tone and Pulse Tutorial

For additional Piezo Tutorial information see: https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/PlayMelody