How American Soldiers Voted in World War II
Unlike today, voting for the World War Two serviceman was not such a straight forwarded affair. That isn’t to say voting for modern American Servicemen and Women isn’t easy only that things have objectively improved since WWII. Soldier’s attempting to vote encountered numerous obstacles to make absentee voting difficult or non-existent. It took a series of changes, each building incrementally to loosen-up the restrictions in time for the armed forces to vote in the Presidential election of 1944. One of the biggest changes was the political shift of the Republicans to allow (or at least not inhibit the Democrats) a federal presence in what is to be considered an area of state’s rights.
Table of contents
- How American Soldiers Voted in World War II
- 1944 Primary Election
- 1944 Elections
- War Department Form 560- Federal Application for State Ballot
- USWBC-Forms 1, 3, 4 Federal Application for State Ballot
- State Ballots in 1944
- Federal War Ballot
- Election Fraud
- Who Got The Ballots?
- Irregularities in Voting
- Casting the Ballot
- Prisoners of War (POWs) Casting the Ballot
- Videos of Soldiers Casting Their Absentee Votes
- Example of Federal War Ballot Mailbag Tags used to identify mailbags en-route back to the states:
- 1945 Elections
- 1946 Elections
- Sources
- Extra Information
1940 Elections
In 1940 voting was extremely difficult. The military only allowed one day of leave for voting. With individuals being drafted it was almost impossible for a service member to have the travel time to go home, vote, and come back. Civilian absentee voting was practically non-existent. In the few states that had absentee voting some outlawed it for the military personnel. Even if a service-member could vote, absentee restrictions were placed on the type of election. For example, SC allowed military members to vote absentee only in democratic primaries and in New Hampshire only for presidential electors (Carter 22). Assuming an individual met all the requirements and the state allowed voting for military members they ran into issues with mailing. Soldiers would have to pay postage to request voter registration forms. Pay postage to return those registration forms. When the ballots came they came in “heavy envelopes.” (Carter 23) A soldier had to pay the return postage on those too. Some states even required registered mail which drove the cost up even more (Carter 23). Finally, service-members were required to submit to literacy tests, grandfather clauses, poll-taxes and be 21 to vote. Literacy tests and poll-taxes in some states were required to be taken or paid in person. Even if a soldier made it through all the restrictions, in some states, the mere matter of being in the military meant that the solider was no longer a resident of that state and therefore did not qualify to vote.
Despite the problems with voting, the states wanted the military to post their rules and regulations. The military balked at the request as it do not want to post up to 48 different rules and regulations at each fort, base, and camp. The states petition Congress to find a solution in time for the 1940 Nov. election. Though Congress did not reach a practical solution, a compromise was found. The military allowed states (who footed the travel bill) to send in officials to conduct “on-the-spot” voting at various camps (Carter 23). Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, and New York took advantage of the compromise and sent officials out. Those at camps without “on-the-spot” voting were forced to mail their vote in.
1941 Elections
The voting system changed little between 1940 and 1941. If an individual desired to vote in local, state, special, or primary elections he or she would be required to submit the cumbersome absentee-voting process. No on-the-spot voting was done in 1941. Though, one notable adjustment was New Jersey, Ohio, and Pennsylvania allowed for individual military absentee voting.
1942 Elections
By 1942 things begin to change. Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, and New York did send out officials for on-the-spot voting and 45 of the then 48 states had some form of military absentee voting in place (Martin 725). Congress recognized the need and made a first attempt at sorting out the issue of voting. The Soldiers Voting Act or The Ramsey Act (Public Law 712) was passed and went into effect on Sept. 16th, 1942, six weeks before the November Congressional elections (Carter 24).
The act allowed for the free regular mailing (not airmail) of election materials. If a soldier wanted to airmail his ballot he would have to pay the additional costs. Also, the poll-tax for the upcoming federal election would be paid by the federal government though state literacy tests and other voting requirements still remained. The act also allowed a service member to vote under the state absentee ballot process or use the federal application form to request a state absentee ballot. States that did not have absentee forms by default had to use the federal application form. In the end, the lateness of passing such a law meant that “not much could be done other than post information.” (Anderson 86).
While both the Army and Navy had forms for applying to receive state war ballots the forms did not have legal standing in the states. Many BNP-105 (the Navy’s form) and Form 460 (The Army’s form) were rejected by the states. Despite this, some localities passed local ordinances allowing military members to vote absentee in that locality. Somerville, Massachusetts allowed for such a condition for its 1941 local elections (Carter 24). In the end, out of the five million servicemen, 137,000 service members used the forms to obtain state voting ballots. Only 28,000 of the state war ballots mailed out were returned (Carter 25). New Jersey had the most mailed out at 58,097 and Vermont the least with 128 (Carter 27). Out of the 29 million who voted in 1942 the effect was small (Anderson 90). While turnout was low, it was the first attempt by Congress to provide standardization in the voter application process.
1943 Elections
The system of voting for state, local, special and primary elections was essentially the same as it was in 1942. Basically, a soldier would write home to their states Secretary of State for voter registration materials. One would complete the registration form and mail it back. A soldier would receive the ballot, complete it, and mail it back. While variations of this process existed dependent upon state laws, at least the soldier could now send and receive voting materials through the mail for free. Though, because this was an “off-cycle” election, the federal government did not pay poll-taxes. Soldiers still had to meet the requirements of their individual states to vote. With the 1944 presidential election around the corner, Congress began examining the issue closer.
1944 Primary Election
Examples of the State Ballot in the 1944 Primaries
Republican:
Democrat:
1944 Elections
In 1944, with 11 million individuals serving at locations across the globe there was a need to provide both a standardized procedure and a standardized form as the military could not provide 48 different ballots and list each states rules and regulations at each military installation around the world. Several bills were proposed in Congress attempting to provide standardization in voting. The primary issue seemed to be state’s rights vs. a military service-member’s right to vote. While the Southern Democrats cried “states rights” the Northern Republicans were worried that the military-vote might go to Roosevelt. Soldiers overseas also took notice of the events surrounding a Soldier’s Voting Bill. In the March 17th, 1944 edition of YANK many soldiers writing from across the globe including, Australia, Britain, the Aleutians, Iran, and South Carolina argued fervently that state voting laws were too ridged and that delaying the bill and the lack of a federal absentee ballot are tantamount to a denial of the right to vote.
A compromise was eventually reached in Congress whereas the overseas military voter would attempt to register to vote using state procedures. If the registration materials did not reach the individual by a certain date, s/he could then use the Federal War Ballot. However, only if the state had approved the procedure. The federal government would now be creating an actual ballot for soldiers to use. Though it would only list the federal officers. Soldiers could vote on the new ballot by, “…specifying either the names or the political party of the candidates of his choice” (Martin 727).
Roosevelt telegraphed all 48 governors asking them their intention on the use of the Federal War Ballot. Support was lukewarm with half the states having legislation already in place that approved the federal ballot or were working on it. The states that supported the use of a Federal War Ballot were: CA, CT, FL, GA, ME, MD, MA, MI, NE, NH, NJ, NC, OK, OR, RI, TX, UT, VT, WA (Carter 51). KY and NM used the federal ballot by default as they had no absentee voting laws in place. The rest did not respond or were noncommittal. With hesitation, Roosevelt allowed the bill to become law without his signature on April 1st, 1944.
The process for voting in the 1944 election was as follows (Carter 31):
Apply for a state absentee ballot using The Federal Application for State Ballot form, or the US War Ballots Commission Form (USWBC), or use the state requirements in applying (i.e. sending a letter to the secretary of state or the local election official) or use the old War Department Postcard/Form 560 from the 1942 election. Individuals could also submit their own application using specific guidelines. In at least one instance, an entire army created their own application. The US 8th Army actually printed their own federal absentee registration forms (Carter 61). If a soldier was unable to get a state absentee ballot they could use a Federal War Ballot.
War Department Form 560- Federal Application for State Ballot
Example 1:
Example 2:
Additionally, to receive a state ballot soldiers may also use a Federal Application for State Ballot form created by the USWBC (US War Ballots Commission): Forms 1, 3 , 4 (Form 2 is the actual Federal War Ballot). All types were created for the 1944 election. To use the Federal War Ballot required an officer as witness.
USWBC-Forms 1, 3, 4 Federal Application for State Ballot
Example 1: US War Ballots Commission Form 1:
Example 2: US War Ballots Commission Form 3:
(Note: In the above example 2: USWBC Form 3 example, it shows what USWBC registration form [contained inside all applications] looked like)
Example 3: US War Ballots Commission Form 4
State Ballots in 1944
After filling out the Federal Form to get a state ballot a state ballot would then be sent. The state ballot an individual would receive would consist of the local, state, and federal officials. The return state ballot must be submitted within the state war ballot return envelope.
North Carolina Return Envelope for State Ballot
Example 1: Type 1
Example 2:
Ohio Return Envelope for State Ballot
Example 1:
West Virginia Return Envelope for State Ballot
Example 1:
Virginia Return Envelope for State Ballot
Example 1:
An example of a completed State Returned Ballot Envelope:
Federal War Ballot
If by Oct. 1st, 1944 the soldier had not gotten the state ballot and had mailed/requested one before Sept. 1st, 1944 you would be eligible to use the Federal War Ballot. This ballot only listed the federal officials running and could only be used in the state that had approved it. The ballot had to be submitted within the Federal War Ballot Return Envelope.
US War Ballot Commission- Federal War Ballot for 1944 Election
Example 1:
US War Ballot Commission: Federal Ballot Return Envelope to mail Federal War Ballot in
Vote According to State Procedures
Example of having registered mail to vote:
Note: If a conflict arose between an individual submitting both a state and a federal ballot, the federal ballot would be thrown out.
Election Fraud
In at least one instance, fraud by US military personnel was detected in the 1944 election:
Who Got The Ballots?
The War Department distributed the Federal War Ballots to authorized personnel to the Army, personnel of the Merchant Marine who were serving on Army-owned or Army-controlled vessels, and to certain “attached civilians” eligible and desiring to vote (Martin 730). The Navy did the same. The War Shipping Administration gave Federal War Ballots to “…eligible seamen on vessels outside the United States having no gun crews and to eligible seamen ashore outside the United States for hospitalization, reassignment, or repatriation (Martin 730).
Regular and air mail postal mailing was free for service members in this election. While members of the Army, Navy, Marines, and Coast Guard were approved to use either the state or federal ballot, approval of other organizations varied. For example, The Merchant Marine was recognized by the federal government, but some states did not recognize the “officer status” of Merchant Marine Officers (Carter 31). This resulted in many Merchant Marine ballots being thrown out in at least nineteen states that did not recognize them (Martin 731). Additionally, the American Field Service personnel (who had 60-70 thousand overseas) were not authorized to use the 1944 election procedure (Carter 32). Members of the Red Cross, Society of Friends, the USO, and the Women’s Auxiliary Service Pilots (WASP) were authorized by the federal government to use the procedure but were unauthorized to use the procedure in some states.
Irregularities in Voting
Due to the confusing nature of voting in 1944 some ballots were thrown out due to irregularities. Most irregularities were the result of a soldier sending his/her ballot into the state where they are on duty not residing, submitting a federal war ballot without a federal war ballot return-envelope, and submitting a state ballot without a state ballot return-envelope (Carter 38). Soldiers serving in the Pacific encountered a unique irregularity. The return-envelope gum would often get stuck down to the envelope. If the flap was damaged in any way it would thrown out as it would have the appearance of being tampered it (Carter 39). Though, officers keen to this problem would write on the envelope, “Envelope flap stuck when received requiring forced opening before voting” and sign their name before mailing it (Carter 39).
Example of Confusing Nature:
Casting the Ballot
The process of voting was rather mundane for most soldiers. One soldier describes that “…on Sept 27th around Villers-les-Moivron, I had mailed an absentee ballot for the coming election. I put an X by the candidate of my choice and sent it back with one the cooks to be mailed. I wonder if the rain at home kept people away from the polls” (Adkins Jr. and Adkins III. pg. 74-75). Though, voting at the front could be dangerous. In one instance, an officer was killed taking completed ballots to an APO (Army Post Office). In a second, a Japanese bomb was dropped and destroyed, along with other things, all the voting records for a unit. In a third, the Germans attacked and captured ballot supplies and took several Americans as prisoners who were in the process of voting.
1944 Voting Pictures
The vast majority of overseas personnel used the state ballot. Military voters from Kentucky and New Mexico had to use the Federal War Ballot as their state lacked military absentee voting rules. Out of the 4.9 million eligible overseas military voters, 108,691 used the Federal War Ballot and 4.5 million used the state absentee ballot with 3.2 million state absentee ballots being returned (Anderson 95).
Prisoners of War (POWs) Casting the Ballot
Unfortunately, for prisoners no voting materials were sent to them as it would require them to release military information (Carter 39-42) and the Axis powers would reject any mail asking for such. However, that did not stop prisoners from either asking for absentee ballots to be sent or conducting their own straw polls. The national World War Two Museum has a great write-up of one such straw poll that took place.
Videos of Soldiers Casting Their Absentee Votes
From Critical Past an online stock video depository. Click on images to view video.
Example of Federal War Ballot Mailbag Tags used to identify mailbags en-route back to the states:
The image below is probably not military but a civilian example used for the Primary elections held on Aug 1st 1944. It gives an example of what the bag that held votes may have looked like. Provenance unknown but I likely pulled it off of eBay.
1945 Elections
Voting for local, state, and primary elections in 1945 used the same procedure in 1944. 1945 was an “off-cycle” election and thus were was not a need for a federal ballot unless it was a special congressional election. By Sept. 1945 a Form 76 was created (it came in both a small and a later revised larger one) which revised and replaced the Form-1 and Form 560. Though, the earlier forms continued to be used in applying for an absentee ballot.
Form 76 larger and smaller
1946 Elections
By April 1946 laws did away with the Federal War Ballot for any type of election be it congressional (special or regular) or Presidential (Carter 46).
Sources
Adkins, Andrew Jr. and Andrew Adkins III. 2005. You Can’t get Much Closer Than This: Combat with Company H, 317th Infantry Regiment, 80th Division. Casemate, Havertown, PA. Pg. 74-75.
Anderson, Michael. 2001. “Politics Patriotism, and the State: The Fight Over the Soldier Vote, 1942-1944.” In Politics and Progress: American Society and the State Since 1865. eds. Andrew E. Kersten and Kriste Lindenmeyer. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
Carter, Russ. 2005. War Ballots: Military Voting by mail from the Civil War to WWII. USA: Military Postal History Society.
Martin, Boyd. Aug. 1945. “The Service Vote in the Elections of 1944.” American Political Science Review. Vol. 39. No. 4. pp 720-732.
Yank, March 17th 1944. Vol 2 No 38. pg 14.
Extra Information
For a brief historical overview of how soldier’s voted in pre-WW2 conflicts see this news article: How do you know voting by mail works? The U.S. military’s done it since the Civil War.
For an overview of voting by soldiers in the 1864 election see: The Soldier Vote in the Election of 1864 by Oscar Osburn Winther.